The environmental problem is today one of the most discussed issues because it is linked to the existence of humanity, but also of flora and fauna; States around the world need to find a solution to counter this threat, through economic instruments that take into account the social cost of anthropogenic emissions, which although very high, is not borne by anyone. The economic instruments that have been designed and adopted so far have therefore been analysed, seeking the one with greater effectiveness in terms of the instrument's ability to fully internalize the social cost, and highlighting both the strengths and weaknesses. The results shows us that the system of negotiable permits is the most suitable because from an economic and moral point of view it turns out to be both efficient, because it internalizes all the social cost of emissions, and fair, because in this way the price of permits, and therefore of the cost of pollution, is borne by the actual polluter. It also appears that if it were applied internationally, it would create a world market for CO2 - an asset to which in reality no value is given - thanks to the presence of a demand and an offer of pollution permits, which would make the efforts of the various countries even more effective. In conclusion, it should be noted that such an instrument is subject to the use of international agreements, that must be stipulated at least between the countries responsible for most of the emissions produced, and that in turn must try to influence even those developing countries in adopting more sustainable measures and productions.
Il problema ambientale è oggi uno dei temi più discussi in quanto legato all’esistenza dell’umanità, ma anche della flora e della fauna; è necessario infatti che gli Stati nel mondo trovino una soluzione per contrastare tale minaccia, attraverso degli strumenti economici che tengano conto del costo sociale delle emissioni di origine antropica, che pur essendo molto elevato non viene sostenuto da nessuno. Si sono quindi analizzati gli strumenti economici che sono stati ideati e adottati sin ora, ricercando quello con un’efficacia maggiore in termini di capacità dello strumento di internalizzare appieno il costo sociale, ed evidenziando sia i loro punti di forza che di debolezza. I risultati ci indicano che il sistema dei permessi negoziabili è quello più idoneo in quanto dal punto di vista economico e morale risulta essere sia efficiente, perché internalizza tutto il costo sociale delle emissioni, sia equo, perché in tal modo il prezzo dei permessi, e quindi del costo dell’inquinamento, viene sostenuto dall’effettivo inquinatore. Risulta anche che se venisse applicato a livello internazionale, si riuscirebbe a creare un mercato mondiale di CO2 - un bene al quale nella realtà non viene dato nessun valore - grazie alla presenza di una domanda e di un’offerta di permessi di inquinamento, che renderebbe ancora più efficaci gli sforzi fatti dai vari Paesi. In conclusione quindi, si fa notare che uno strumento di tale portata sottostà all’utilizzo di accordi internazionali, che devono essere stipulati almeno tra i Paesi responsabili della gran parte delle emissioni prodotte, e che a loro volta devono cercare così di influenzare anche quelli in via di sviluppo nell’adottare misure e produzioni più sostenibili.
La politica economica ambientale e i suoi strumenti
BUCCOLINI, LETIZIA
2019/2020
Abstract
The environmental problem is today one of the most discussed issues because it is linked to the existence of humanity, but also of flora and fauna; States around the world need to find a solution to counter this threat, through economic instruments that take into account the social cost of anthropogenic emissions, which although very high, is not borne by anyone. The economic instruments that have been designed and adopted so far have therefore been analysed, seeking the one with greater effectiveness in terms of the instrument's ability to fully internalize the social cost, and highlighting both the strengths and weaknesses. The results shows us that the system of negotiable permits is the most suitable because from an economic and moral point of view it turns out to be both efficient, because it internalizes all the social cost of emissions, and fair, because in this way the price of permits, and therefore of the cost of pollution, is borne by the actual polluter. It also appears that if it were applied internationally, it would create a world market for CO2 - an asset to which in reality no value is given - thanks to the presence of a demand and an offer of pollution permits, which would make the efforts of the various countries even more effective. In conclusion, it should be noted that such an instrument is subject to the use of international agreements, that must be stipulated at least between the countries responsible for most of the emissions produced, and that in turn must try to influence even those developing countries in adopting more sustainable measures and productions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/3723