The aim of this investigation is to review the techniques adopted in grapevine protection against downy mildew, an important disease caused by the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola and to identify some of the main innovations in this field. Downy mildew is one of the main diseases of the grapevine worldwide and can cause serious economic losses. To contain these infections, even today, the protection is based on the massive application of chemical products, the most important of which are those based on copper, in particular in organic farming. These products show excellent effectiveness against downy mildew and present several positive characteristics, such as: common availability, low cost, broad spectrum of action, ease of use, low acute toxicity and finally, are well known among agricultural operators. However, the repeated use of copper fungicides can have negative consequences on human health, environment and quality of final product because copper, being a heavy metal, presents an unfavorable eco-toxicological profile. Following the identification of these issues, limitations have been placed on the use of copper-based products in agriculture, promoting the search of alternatives and causing concern especially among organic farmers, who see copper as the only effective weapon to prevent P. viticola attacks. Some of the new strategies opened in this context by research mainly go in three directions: (i) the use of products with natural-based active compounds, such as chitosan, which are not dangerous for human health or environment and with proven antimicrobial and eliciting properties; (ii) the exploitation of genetic biodiversity, through producing cultivars that possess genes of resistance against the causal agents of main diseases and therefore reducing the number of chemical treatments during the season; (iii) the adoption of peptide aptamers, that can interact with pathogenetic target-organisms in a highly specific way. These possibilities do not represent unique solutions to different situations and other research projects in this direction should be developed, but they will certainly be able to become part of plant protection programs in a viewpoint to integrated and sustainable food production.
Il lavoro di tesi si pone l’obiettivo di passare in rassegna le tecniche maggiormente utilizzate nella protezione della vite dalla peronospora, grave malattia causata dall’oomicete biotrofico Plasmopara viticola e di individuare le principali innovazioni in questo ambito. La peronospora della vite è una delle principali malattie della vite, in grado di causare gravi perdite economiche. Per contrastare le infezioni, ancora oggi, la difesa fitosanitaria si basa sull’applicazione massiccia di prodotti chimici, tra i quali i più importanti sono quelli a base di rame, soprattutto in agricoltura biologica. Questi prodotti hanno un’ottima efficacia nei confronti della peronospora, sono facilmente reperibili, hanno un basso costo, hanno un ampio spettro d’azione, sono di facile applicazione, hanno una bassa tossicità acuta e sono ben conosciuti dagli operatori agricoli. Tuttavia, l’utilizzo reiterato dei fungicidi cuprici può portare a rischi per la salute umana, l’ambiente e la qualità del prodotto finale perché il rame, essendo un metallo pesante, ha un profilo ecotossicologico non favorevole. In seguito all’individuazione di queste problematiche, sono state emesse delle limitazioni all'utilizzo di prodotti a base di rame in agricoltura, stimolando la ricerca di alternative e destando preoccupazione soprattutto tra gli agricoltori biologici, i quali vedono nel rame l’unica arma efficace nel contenere gli attacchi di P. viticola. Alcune delle nuove strade aperte in questo contesto dalla ricerca vanno in tre direzioni: a) l’impiego di prodotti di origine naturale, come ad esempio il chitosano, che siano poco pericolosi per la salute umana e l’ambiente e dalla comprovata efficacia antimicrobica ed elicitante; b) lo sfruttamento della biodiversità genetica, cercando di produrre vitigni che possiedano geni di resistenza alle principali malattie e quindi gestibili da un punto di vista fitosanitario con un numero di interventi chimici minore durante l’anno; c) l’adozione di biotecnologie, come gli aptameri peptidici, in grado di colpire gli organismi bersaglio in maniera altamente specifica. Queste possibilità non rappresentano soluzioni univoche alle diverse situazioni, ma sicuramente potranno entrare a far parte dei programmi di protezione delle piante in un’ottica di produzione integrata e sostenibile.
CHITOSANO, VARIETÀ RESISTENTI E APTAMERI COME INNOVAZIONI NELLA PROTEZIONE DELLA VITE DALLA PERONOSPORA
SANTOLINI, MARCO
2019/2020
Abstract
The aim of this investigation is to review the techniques adopted in grapevine protection against downy mildew, an important disease caused by the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola and to identify some of the main innovations in this field. Downy mildew is one of the main diseases of the grapevine worldwide and can cause serious economic losses. To contain these infections, even today, the protection is based on the massive application of chemical products, the most important of which are those based on copper, in particular in organic farming. These products show excellent effectiveness against downy mildew and present several positive characteristics, such as: common availability, low cost, broad spectrum of action, ease of use, low acute toxicity and finally, are well known among agricultural operators. However, the repeated use of copper fungicides can have negative consequences on human health, environment and quality of final product because copper, being a heavy metal, presents an unfavorable eco-toxicological profile. Following the identification of these issues, limitations have been placed on the use of copper-based products in agriculture, promoting the search of alternatives and causing concern especially among organic farmers, who see copper as the only effective weapon to prevent P. viticola attacks. Some of the new strategies opened in this context by research mainly go in three directions: (i) the use of products with natural-based active compounds, such as chitosan, which are not dangerous for human health or environment and with proven antimicrobial and eliciting properties; (ii) the exploitation of genetic biodiversity, through producing cultivars that possess genes of resistance against the causal agents of main diseases and therefore reducing the number of chemical treatments during the season; (iii) the adoption of peptide aptamers, that can interact with pathogenetic target-organisms in a highly specific way. These possibilities do not represent unique solutions to different situations and other research projects in this direction should be developed, but they will certainly be able to become part of plant protection programs in a viewpoint to integrated and sustainable food production.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi definitiva Marco Santolini.pdf
Open Access dal 11/02/2024
Descrizione: CHITOSANO, VARIETÀ RESISTENTI E APTAMERI COME INNOVAZIONI NELLA PROTEZIONE DELLA VITE DALLA PERONOSPORA
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Frontespizio firmato.pdf
Open Access dal 11/02/2024
Descrizione: CHITOSANO, VARIETÀ RESISTENTI E APTAMERI COME INNOVAZIONI NELLA PROTEZIONE DELLA VITE DALLA PERONOSPORA
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/4388