Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis) is one of the richest vegetables in bioactive components, including carotenoids. Carotenoids are pigments with colors ranging from yellow to red through orange. They are divided into two groups: the "carotenes", composed of a hydrocarbon chain and the "xanthophylls" consisting not only of carbon and hydrogen atoms, but also oxygen (resulting more polar than the carotenes). They are synthesized inside the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of photosynthetic organisms (including fruits and vegetables) with the aim of capturing light and above all deactivating free radicals, in fact they are "antioxidant" substances. On the other hand, carotenoids are not newly synthesized by animals (including humans), so they must be introduced through diet. In humans, however, they perform important functions in addition to antioxidant activity, such as: prevention of cardiovascular diseases, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties and are functional for vision. For these reasons, the purpose of this research was to investigate what was the effect of heat treatment on these compounds present in orange cauliflower ("Cheddar" variety) and violet ("Graffiti" variety) The samples, after being carefully cut and homogenized, were subjected to three different cooking methods with different treatment times: boiling (10 and 25 minutes), baking with steam and sous-vide cooking (both at 10, 25 and 40 minutes). Subsequently, they were freeze-dried and vacuum-packed. The extraction was carried out following the methodology used by Biswas, Sahoo, and Chatli (2011). A UPLC system and a PDA detector at 450 nm was used for the analysis. Carotenoids were identified by comparing retention times with those of pure standards, while quantification was calculated by constructing calibration lines. The data were subsequently analyzed with the ANOVA statistical system. The following carotenoids have been identified in orange and purple cauliflowers: lutein (xanthophyll), β-carotene and α-carotene (carotenes). Comparing the results obtained with each heat treatment with the respective raw material, we have seen that cooking increases the content of all carotenoids. The reason for this phenomenon has been attributed to: the breakdown of cellular structures and protein-carotenoid complexes, making them more bioavailable and, furthermore, the inactivation of the enzymes that degrade these compounds. Our study has shown that boiling is the best cooking technique: boiling for 25 minutes can more efficiently extract the carotenoids from the vegetable structure and at the same time the temperature of 100 ° C does not involve the destruction of the carotenoid extracts. Baking with steam and sous-vide did not show statistically significant values either between the two different methods or between different cooking times in each method, but still better results than raw. Finally, the β-carotene / lutein ratio was calculated and statistically analyzed to see if the behavior of the two carotenoids (the first apolar, the second polar) varied in the different heat treatments. The result was negative, showing that both carotenoids have a similar behavior.
Il cavolfiore (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) è uno dei vegetali più ricchi di componenti bioattivi, tra cui i carotenoidi. I carotenoidi sono pigmenti con colorazioni che vanno dal giallo al rosso passando per larancione. Essi si dividono in due gruppi: i caroteni, composti da una catena idrocarburica e, le xantofille costituite non solo da atomi di carbonio e idrogeno, ma anche ossigeno (risultando più polari rispetto i caroteni). Essi vengono sintetizzati allinterno dei cloroplasti e cromoplasti di organismi fotosintetici (tra cui frutti e vegetali) con lo scopo di catturare la luce e soprattutto di deattivare i radicali liberi, infatti sono delle sostanze antiossidanti. Daltra parte, i carotenoidi non sono sintetizzati ex novo dagli animali (compreso luomo), per cui devono essere introdotti mediante la dieta. Nelluomo svolgono però importanti funzioni oltre allattività antiossidante, come: prevenzione di malattie cardiovascolari, proprietà anticancerogene e antiinfiammatorie e sono funzionali per la vista. Per queste ragioni, lo scopo di questa ricerca è stato quello di indagare quale fosse leffetto del trattamento termico su questi composti presenti nel cavolfiore arancione (varietà Cheddar) e viola (varietà Graffiti) I campioni dopo essere stati accuratamente tagliati ed omogenizzati, sono stati sottoposti a tre diversi metodi di cottura con differenti tempi di trattamento: bollitura (10 e 25 minuti), cottura al forno con vapore e cottura sous-vide (entrambe a 10, 25 e 40 minuti). Successivamente, sono stati liofilizzati e confezionati sottovuoto. Lestrazione è stata effettuata seguendo la metodica ripresa da Biswas, Sahoo, and Chatli (2011). Per lanalisi è stato utilizzato un sistema UPLC e un rilevatore PDA a 450 nm. I carotenoidi sono stati identificati comparando i tempi di ritenzione con quelli degli standard puri, mentre la quantificazione è stata calcolata costruendo rette di calibrazione. I dati sono stati successivamente analizzati con il sistema statistico dellANOVA. Nei cavolfiori arancioni e viola sono stati identificati i seguenti carotenoidi: luteina (xantofilla), β-carotene e α-carotene (caroteni). Comparando i risultati ottenuti da ciascun trattamento termico con il rispettivo crudo, si è visto che la cottura incrementa il contenuto di tutti i carotenoidi. La ragione di questo fenomeno è stata attribuita a: la rottura delle strutture cellulari e dei complessi proteina-carotenoide, rendendoli maggiormente biodisponibili e, inoltre linattivazione degli enzimi che degradano tali composti. Il nostro studio ha messo in luce come la bollitura sia la migliore tecnica di cottura: la bollitura per 25 minuti riesce ad estrarre in maniera più efficiente i carotenoidi dalla struttura vegetale e nello stesso tempo la temperatura di 100°C non comporta la distruzione dei carotenoidi estratti. Le cotture al forno con vapore e sous-vide non hanno mostrato valori statisticamente significativi né tra i due diversi metodi né tra tempi di cottura diversi in ciascun metodo, ma comunque risultati migliori rispetto al crudo. Per concludere, il rapporto β-carotene/luteina è stato calcolato ed analizzato statisticamente per vedere se il comportamento dei due carotenoidi (il primo apolare, il secondo polare) variasse nei diversi trattamenti termici. Il risultato è stato negativo, dimostrando che entrambi i carotenoidi hanno un comportamento simile.
effetto del trattamento termico sui carotenoidi nel cavolfiore
FANESI, BENEDETTA
2018/2019
Abstract
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis) is one of the richest vegetables in bioactive components, including carotenoids. Carotenoids are pigments with colors ranging from yellow to red through orange. They are divided into two groups: the "carotenes", composed of a hydrocarbon chain and the "xanthophylls" consisting not only of carbon and hydrogen atoms, but also oxygen (resulting more polar than the carotenes). They are synthesized inside the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of photosynthetic organisms (including fruits and vegetables) with the aim of capturing light and above all deactivating free radicals, in fact they are "antioxidant" substances. On the other hand, carotenoids are not newly synthesized by animals (including humans), so they must be introduced through diet. In humans, however, they perform important functions in addition to antioxidant activity, such as: prevention of cardiovascular diseases, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties and are functional for vision. For these reasons, the purpose of this research was to investigate what was the effect of heat treatment on these compounds present in orange cauliflower ("Cheddar" variety) and violet ("Graffiti" variety) The samples, after being carefully cut and homogenized, were subjected to three different cooking methods with different treatment times: boiling (10 and 25 minutes), baking with steam and sous-vide cooking (both at 10, 25 and 40 minutes). Subsequently, they were freeze-dried and vacuum-packed. The extraction was carried out following the methodology used by Biswas, Sahoo, and Chatli (2011). A UPLC system and a PDA detector at 450 nm was used for the analysis. Carotenoids were identified by comparing retention times with those of pure standards, while quantification was calculated by constructing calibration lines. The data were subsequently analyzed with the ANOVA statistical system. The following carotenoids have been identified in orange and purple cauliflowers: lutein (xanthophyll), β-carotene and α-carotene (carotenes). Comparing the results obtained with each heat treatment with the respective raw material, we have seen that cooking increases the content of all carotenoids. The reason for this phenomenon has been attributed to: the breakdown of cellular structures and protein-carotenoid complexes, making them more bioavailable and, furthermore, the inactivation of the enzymes that degrade these compounds. Our study has shown that boiling is the best cooking technique: boiling for 25 minutes can more efficiently extract the carotenoids from the vegetable structure and at the same time the temperature of 100 ° C does not involve the destruction of the carotenoid extracts. Baking with steam and sous-vide did not show statistically significant values either between the two different methods or between different cooking times in each method, but still better results than raw. Finally, the β-carotene / lutein ratio was calculated and statistically analyzed to see if the behavior of the two carotenoids (the first apolar, the second polar) varied in the different heat treatments. The result was negative, showing that both carotenoids have a similar behavior.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: effect of thermal treatment on carotenoids in cauliflower
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/5641