Nowadays diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes and other mitochondrial and neurological changes are some of the main causes of death. Scientifically, it has been shown that the application of ketogenic diet protocols on these patients is an excellent line of defense. At the basis of the ketogenic diet there is ketogenesis, a physiological function of our body that leads us to consume fat reserves, when sugars do not come for some reason through the diet. Once the glycogen is exhausted, it is our own organism which, being forced to find its nourishment elsewhere, activates the process of ketogenesis. In fact, it will begin to transform body fat into sugars, in order to produce that energy, previously provided by the metabolism of Glycogen. From a biochemical point of view, ketogenesis is a reversible process of condensation of Acetyl-CoA molecules aimed at the synthesis of ketone bodies (acetoacetate, β-hydroxy-butyrate) and to be activated requires at least 48-72 hours. Glucose deficient ketone bodies are easily used by skeletal muscles, the central nervous system and cardiac tissue as an alternative energy source to glucose. In these tissues the ketone bodies are oxidized to Acetyl-CoA, the metabolic substrate of the Krebs cycle. Acetyl-CoA is formed as a process intermediate, enters the citric acid cycle and is converted into ATP in oxidative phosphorylation. When the body has an excess of carbohydrates, glucose is completely metabolized to provide energy, the excess is stored in the form of glycogen or, following the excess of citrate, as fatty acids. When the body does not have free carbohydrates available, body fat needs to be converted to acetyl-CoA for energy. From the study of the metabolic processes of the ketogenic diet, through numerous studies and research, it has become known that this diet is very useful in the treatment of clinical pathologies such as epilepsy and tumor diseases. Despite several positive results, there is still much to study regarding the application of this diet to treat large-scale diseases.
Al giorno d’oggi le malattie quali il cancro, l’obesità, il diabete e le altre alterazioni mitocondriali e neurologiche, sono alcune tra le principali cause di morte. A livello scientifico è stato dimostrato che l’applicazione di protocolli dietetici chetogenici su tali pazienti, risulta essere un’ottima linea di difesa. Alla base della dieta chetogenica vi è la chetogenesi, una funzione fisiologica del nostro organismo che induce a consumare le riserve di grassi, quando gli zuccheri non pervengono per qualche motivo attraverso la via alimentare. Una volta esaurito il Glicogeno è il nostro stesso organismo che, vedendosi costretto a trovare il proprio nutrimento altrove, attiva il processo di Chetogenesi. Esso, infatti, inizierà a trasformare il grasso corporeo in zuccheri, al fine di produrre quell’energia, precedentemente fornita dal metabolismo del Glicogeno. Dal punto di vista biochimico, la chetogenesi, è un processo reversibile di condensazione di molecole di Acetil-CoA finalizzato alla sintesi di corpi chetonici (acetoacetato, β- idrossi-butirrato) e per essere attivata richiede almeno 48-72 ore. I corpi chetonici in carenza di glucosio sono facilmente utilizzati dalla muscolatura scheletrica, dal Sistema Nervosa Centrale e dal tessuto cardiaco come fonte di energia alternativa al glucosio. In questi tessuti i corpi chetonici vengono ossidati ad Acetil-CoA, substrato metabolico del ciclo di Krebs. L'acetil-CoA viene formata come intermedio di processo, entra nel ciclo dell'acido citrico e viene convertita in ATP nella fosforilazione ossidativa. Quando il corpo dispone di un eccesso di carboidrati, il glucosio viene completamente metabolizzato per fornire energia, l’eccesso viene conservato sotto forma di glicogeno o, a seguito dell'eccesso di citrato, come acidi grassi. Quando il corpo non dispone di carboidrati liberi disponibili, il grasso corporeo deve essere convertito in acetil-CoA per ottenere energia. Dallo studio dei processi metabolici della dieta chetogenica, tramite numerosi studi e ricerche, si è venuto a conoscenza del fatto che tale regime alimentare è molto utile nel trattamento di patologie cliniche quali Epilessia e malattie tumorali. Nonostante diversi esiti positivi, c’è ancora molto da studiare in merito all’applicazione di questa alimentazione per curare patologie di grossa portata.
La dieta chetogenica: applicazioni in ambito clinico
PISACANE, SILVIA
2018/2019
Abstract
Nowadays diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes and other mitochondrial and neurological changes are some of the main causes of death. Scientifically, it has been shown that the application of ketogenic diet protocols on these patients is an excellent line of defense. At the basis of the ketogenic diet there is ketogenesis, a physiological function of our body that leads us to consume fat reserves, when sugars do not come for some reason through the diet. Once the glycogen is exhausted, it is our own organism which, being forced to find its nourishment elsewhere, activates the process of ketogenesis. In fact, it will begin to transform body fat into sugars, in order to produce that energy, previously provided by the metabolism of Glycogen. From a biochemical point of view, ketogenesis is a reversible process of condensation of Acetyl-CoA molecules aimed at the synthesis of ketone bodies (acetoacetate, β-hydroxy-butyrate) and to be activated requires at least 48-72 hours. Glucose deficient ketone bodies are easily used by skeletal muscles, the central nervous system and cardiac tissue as an alternative energy source to glucose. In these tissues the ketone bodies are oxidized to Acetyl-CoA, the metabolic substrate of the Krebs cycle. Acetyl-CoA is formed as a process intermediate, enters the citric acid cycle and is converted into ATP in oxidative phosphorylation. When the body has an excess of carbohydrates, glucose is completely metabolized to provide energy, the excess is stored in the form of glycogen or, following the excess of citrate, as fatty acids. When the body does not have free carbohydrates available, body fat needs to be converted to acetyl-CoA for energy. From the study of the metabolic processes of the ketogenic diet, through numerous studies and research, it has become known that this diet is very useful in the treatment of clinical pathologies such as epilepsy and tumor diseases. Despite several positive results, there is still much to study regarding the application of this diet to treat large-scale diseases.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/5976