This work aims to shed a light on how multinational enterprises set the transfer pricing, exploiting corporate tax differentials between their domestic and abroad branches. It is a practice implemented by multinationals with the aim to lower their tax burden. We develop a model characterized by a multinational enterprise that splits its value chain into two main activities, carried out by two divisions (parent and subsidiary) located into two different states. The key feature is that, since corporate tax rate is assumed to be lower abroad in the subsidiarys country, MNEs would like to shift profits there. The State of the domestic country will therefore intervene with some random controls and penalties on those multinational firms who unfairly abused of the transfer pricing practice. In contrast with the main existing literature, in order to capture the dynamics behind the negotiation of the transfer pricing, a game theoretic approach between the managers of the two divisions is implemented, and the bargaining activity follows the rule of the trust game. We simulate the model in C programming, simulating an economy composed by several MNEs and one State, according to an agent based approach. The model simulations suggest an optimal level of regulation for the State, and according to this level, we show the implications on the transfer pricing level and both parent and subsidiary profits.
Questo lavoro ha come obbiettivo quello di fare chiarezza su come le multinazionali decidono il loro transfer pricing, sfruttando la differenza di tassazione tra la divisione domestica e estera. Si tratta di una pratica utilizzata dalle multinazionali con lobiettivo di abbassare il loro carico fiscale. Sviluppiamo un modello caratterizzato da una multinazionale che sviluppa la sua catena produttiva in due principali attività, portate avanti da due divisioni locate in due stati differenti. La caratteristica chiave è che, dato che assumiamo che la tassazione estera sia minore, le multinazionali vorranno portare i propri profitti allestero. Lo stato del paese domestico, perciò, interverrà con dei controlli casuali e imponendo delle multe su quelle multinazionali che hanno abusato della pratica del transfer pricing. Rispetto alla letteratura esistente, per catturare la dinamica del transfer pricing negoziato, viene utilizzato un approccio che sfrutta la teoria dei giochi tra i managers delle due divisioni, e lattività di negoziazione segue le regole del trust game. Simuliamo il modello con una programmazione in C, simulando uneconomia composta da diverse multinazionali e uno Stato, seguendo un approccio basato sugli agenti. Le simulazioni del modello suggeriscono lesistenza di un livello di regolamentazione ottimale dello stato, e in base a quello dimostriamo le implicazioni sui profitti delle due divisioni della multinazionale e sul livello di transfer pricing.
Negotiated transfer pricing and uncertain regulation: a dynamic trust game approach
CASCAVILLA, ALESSANDRO
2018/2019
Abstract
This work aims to shed a light on how multinational enterprises set the transfer pricing, exploiting corporate tax differentials between their domestic and abroad branches. It is a practice implemented by multinationals with the aim to lower their tax burden. We develop a model characterized by a multinational enterprise that splits its value chain into two main activities, carried out by two divisions (parent and subsidiary) located into two different states. The key feature is that, since corporate tax rate is assumed to be lower abroad in the subsidiarys country, MNEs would like to shift profits there. The State of the domestic country will therefore intervene with some random controls and penalties on those multinational firms who unfairly abused of the transfer pricing practice. In contrast with the main existing literature, in order to capture the dynamics behind the negotiation of the transfer pricing, a game theoretic approach between the managers of the two divisions is implemented, and the bargaining activity follows the rule of the trust game. We simulate the model in C programming, simulating an economy composed by several MNEs and one State, according to an agent based approach. The model simulations suggest an optimal level of regulation for the State, and according to this level, we show the implications on the transfer pricing level and both parent and subsidiary profits.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Master's degree thesis Alessandro Cascavilla.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/6303