The successful business carried on by MNEs has always been focused on a unique great principle: ride the wave of progress to survive, or better, prosper and dominate the market. The advent of digital economy and the technological revolution have allowed the progress to move with a pace that not everyone is able to keep up with. Several activities are not able to survive in the market with respect to those “lucky” which have been able to exploit the technology to their advantage and incorporate it as an integral part of their vision, mission and work. The so-called “Digital Companies”. The aim of the present document is the analysis and the argumentation of the fiscal evasion carried out by the web Giants. Precisely, during the first chapter and part of the second one, the focus has been more centered on one of the favorite fiscal planning strategies implemented by all the web giants and well known by the international fiscal authorities, “Transfer Pricing”. With the term Transfer Pricing are meant operations occurring between enterprises belonging to the same multinational group that, in the cases which will be analyzed in this document, transfer revenues and profit from a country characterized by a high taxation to those ones benefiting from a more advantageous tax rate, also called “fiscal paradises”, where companies previously register their fiscal residence in order to exploit the advantages of the jurisdiction. Clearly, digital economy has indirectly encouraged these elusive practices carried out by digital companies, which are exploiting the possibility of operating on a plenty of markets without feeling the necessity to establish a physical presence for the carrying out of the business. This sort of dematerialization is the mean through which is possible the realization of tax planning schemes. The document, after having explored the central subject of TP and having analyzed the case models (Amazon and Google), will touch other topics addressable to the main theme. Namely, the solutions introduced to stem tax avoidance, such as Transfer Pricing Guidelines and the 15 BEPS Action Plan. Unfortunately, despite the world governments constantly try to contrast these practices through fiscal verifications and the introduction of countermeasures, the problem of Transfer Pricing is amplifying day by day, leading to the shift of even higher amounts of capital, with a inversely proportional decline of the fiscal pressure to which the web companies are subjected. In the long-term it is believed that this tax burden will encumber even more on citizens in the form of new type of taxations, so provoking the society’s impoverishment. New initiatives to prevent this scenario have been proposed since 2018, like the Web Tax, the Digital Service Tax at the international and local level and the Global Minimum Tax. All potential solutions finding difficulties in the effective approval and implementation, mainly due to the lack of harmonization among the interested parties, who are not able to find a common meeting point. This mismatch is tied mainly to the various governments’ differences of thought and even more to the domestic interests of fiscal paradises, which may be threatened in case an effective norm on the taxation of digital economy valid worldwide would entry into force. The chapter on digital taxation is not yet closed, the Global Minimum Tax proposed by Biden seems to have been approved by the majority during last G20 held in Venice, however a confirmation or an overturning of the situation will take place next October at the G20 of Rome. We just have to wait.
Il business portato avanti dalle aziende multinazionali di successo si è sempre focalizzato su un unico grande principio: cavalcare l’onda del progresso per sopravvivere, o meglio, prosperare e dominare il mercato. L’avvento dell’Economia Digitale e la rivoluzione tecnologica hanno fatto si che il progresso viaggiasse ad una velocità alla quale non tutti sono in grado tenere passo. Molte sono le attività che non sopravvivono nel mercato rispetto ad alcune “fortunate” che sono riuscite a sfruttare la tecnologia a proprio vantaggio e renderla parte integrante del loro operato. Le così dette “Digital Companies”. Con il presente elaborato si vuole andare ad analizzare e argomentare l’evasione fiscale praticata dai giganti del web. Precisamente, durante il primo capitolo e parte del secondo, ci si è soffermati su una delle strategie di pianificazione fiscale preferite da tutti i giganti del web e ben nota alle autorità fiscali di tutto il mondo, il “Transfer Pricing”. Con il termine Prezzi di Trasferimento si intendono operazioni aventi luogo tra imprese appartenenti ad uno stesso gruppo multinazionale, le quali, nei casi che saranno analizzati, trasferiscono i redditi e i profitti da paesi con una tassazione d’impresa maggiore verso paesi a tassazione agevolata, denominati “paradisi fiscali”, in cui le compagnie stabiliscono preventivamente la residenza fiscale dell’azienda cosi da sfruttare i vantaggi della giurisdizione. Chiaramente, l’economia digitale ha indirettamente incentivato questi comportamenti elusivi da parte delle aziende del web, che sfruttano la possibilità di operare su moltissimi mercati senza vincolarsi nel dover stabilire una presenza fisica per poter esercitare il proprio business. Questa sorta di dematerializzazione fisica dell’azienda funge da mezzo principale per la realizzazione delle strategie di pianificazione fiscale. Il documento, dopo aver approfondito la tematica centrale dei prezzi di trasferimento, ed aver analizzato i casi presi come modello (rispettivamente Google e Amazon), andrà a toccare altre tematiche riconducibili al fulcro dell’elaborato. Ovvero le soluzioni introdotte per arginare l’elusione fiscale, quali le Linee Guida sui Prezzi di Trasferimento e il piano BEPS per contrastare l’erosione fiscale e lo spostamento dei profitti. Purtroppo, nonostante i governi di tutto il mondo cerchino di contrastare queste pratiche tramite verifiche fiscali e l’introduzione di contromisure, il problema del trasferimento dei prezzi si amplifica di giorno in giorno, portando allo spostamento di somme di denaro sempre maggiori, con un calo indirettamente proporzionale del carico fiscale al quale sono sottoposte le web companies. Nel lungo termine si ritiene che questo carico andrà a gravare sempre più sul privato cittadino sotto forma di nuovi tipi di tassazione, conseguentemente aumentando l’impoverimento della società. Nuove iniziative per impedire tutto ciò sono state proposte dal 2018, come la Web Tax, l’Imposta sui Servizi Digitali a livello internazionale e locale e la Global Minimum Tax. Tutte norme potenzialmente risolutive ma che di fatto trovano difficoltà nell’ approvazione o nell’ effettiva applicazione, a causa di una mancanza di armonia tra le parti interessate, le quali non riescono a trovare un punto di incontro univoco. Questo disallineamento è legato in primis alle differenze di pensiero che caratterizzano i vari governi e ancor di più agli interessi interni dei paradisi fiscali, che vedono l'entrata in vigore di un’effettiva norma sulla tassazione dell’economia digitale valida a livello internazionale come una minaccia. Il capitolo sulla tassazione digitale è tuttora aperto, la Global Minimum Tax proposta da Biden sembra essere stata approvata dalla maggior parte dei paesi durante l’ultimo G20 a Venezia, ma il quadro può confermarsi o ribaltarsi durante il G20 del prossimo ottobre.
Le Pratiche di Transfer Pricing nella Digital Economy: Elusione Fiscale da parte dei Giganti del Web
SANDRONI, DOMIZIANA
2020/2021
Abstract
The successful business carried on by MNEs has always been focused on a unique great principle: ride the wave of progress to survive, or better, prosper and dominate the market. The advent of digital economy and the technological revolution have allowed the progress to move with a pace that not everyone is able to keep up with. Several activities are not able to survive in the market with respect to those “lucky” which have been able to exploit the technology to their advantage and incorporate it as an integral part of their vision, mission and work. The so-called “Digital Companies”. The aim of the present document is the analysis and the argumentation of the fiscal evasion carried out by the web Giants. Precisely, during the first chapter and part of the second one, the focus has been more centered on one of the favorite fiscal planning strategies implemented by all the web giants and well known by the international fiscal authorities, “Transfer Pricing”. With the term Transfer Pricing are meant operations occurring between enterprises belonging to the same multinational group that, in the cases which will be analyzed in this document, transfer revenues and profit from a country characterized by a high taxation to those ones benefiting from a more advantageous tax rate, also called “fiscal paradises”, where companies previously register their fiscal residence in order to exploit the advantages of the jurisdiction. Clearly, digital economy has indirectly encouraged these elusive practices carried out by digital companies, which are exploiting the possibility of operating on a plenty of markets without feeling the necessity to establish a physical presence for the carrying out of the business. This sort of dematerialization is the mean through which is possible the realization of tax planning schemes. The document, after having explored the central subject of TP and having analyzed the case models (Amazon and Google), will touch other topics addressable to the main theme. Namely, the solutions introduced to stem tax avoidance, such as Transfer Pricing Guidelines and the 15 BEPS Action Plan. Unfortunately, despite the world governments constantly try to contrast these practices through fiscal verifications and the introduction of countermeasures, the problem of Transfer Pricing is amplifying day by day, leading to the shift of even higher amounts of capital, with a inversely proportional decline of the fiscal pressure to which the web companies are subjected. In the long-term it is believed that this tax burden will encumber even more on citizens in the form of new type of taxations, so provoking the society’s impoverishment. New initiatives to prevent this scenario have been proposed since 2018, like the Web Tax, the Digital Service Tax at the international and local level and the Global Minimum Tax. All potential solutions finding difficulties in the effective approval and implementation, mainly due to the lack of harmonization among the interested parties, who are not able to find a common meeting point. This mismatch is tied mainly to the various governments’ differences of thought and even more to the domestic interests of fiscal paradises, which may be threatened in case an effective norm on the taxation of digital economy valid worldwide would entry into force. The chapter on digital taxation is not yet closed, the Global Minimum Tax proposed by Biden seems to have been approved by the majority during last G20 held in Venice, however a confirmation or an overturning of the situation will take place next October at the G20 of Rome. We just have to wait.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/798