The marine ecosystem has always been one of the most remote and hostile environments to humans, largely unexplored and still undiscovered. It constitutes, nevertheless, a precious heritage of biodiversity to be protected and safeguarded. In fact, marine micro-organisms, which make up about 98% of the biomass of the oceans, are a resource with enormous application potential in the industrial and biotechnological fields, still not fully exploited. Among the most extensively studied microbial communities, marine yeasts are a source of enzymes of considerable interest. They are widely distributed in marine environments and, thanks to their intrinsic properties and ability to adapt to environments characterised by extreme conditions, they represent an important resource for the identification of enzymes with potential applications in the industrial and biotechnological fields. The aim of the present thesis work is to analyse the state of the art and the information that exists to date regarding the diversity, role and biotechnological potential of marine yeasts and the enzymes produced by marine yeasts, with the aim of promoting research into new enzymes and molecules of marine origin to enable the development of new applications in various industrial sectors, while at the same time increasing knowledge and understanding of the existing microbial diversity. The study aims to highlight how the adaptability of marine-derived yeasts to extreme conditions can be seen as an interesting point of application in the biotechnological and industrial fields, through the production of enzymes that can be used in numerous sectors, including the chemical, pharmaceutical, fuel, food, agricultural and cosmetic sectors. By way of example, lipids produced by marine yeasts can enable the production of biofuels, just as enzymes produced by marine yeasts including inulinase, amylase, protease, cellulase, xylanase, phytase, lipase, lactase, exo β-1,3-glucanase and superoxide dismutase can be exploited for the development of cosmetics or as pharmaceutical or food components. There are numerous bioactive substances such as amino acids, glucans, glutathione, toxins, enzymes, phytases and vitamins isolated from marine yeasts. Furthermore, marine yeasts have good potential for SCP production due to their high nitrogen content. Finally, marine yeasts have the potential to be used in the synthesis of NPs, which are of great interest in the pharmaceutical industry.
L’ecosistema marino è da sempre uno degli ambienti più remoti e ostili all’uomo, in gran parte inesplorato e ancora ad oggi poco conosciuto. Esso costituisce, però, un patrimonio prezioso di biodiversità da proteggere e salvaguardare. Infatti, i microorganismi marini, che costituiscono circa il 98% della biomassa degli oceani, sono una risorsa che possiede un enorme potenziale applicativo in campo industriale e biotecnologico, ancora non pienamente sfruttata. Tra le comunità microbiche più studiate, i lieviti marini sono considerati una fonte di enzimi di rilevante interesse. Essi sono ampiamente distribuiti in ambienti marini e, grazie alle loro intrinseche proprietà e capacità di adattamento anche ad ambienti caratterizzati da condizioni estreme, rappresentano una importante risorsa per l’identificazione di enzimi con potenziale applicazione in campo industriale e biotecnologico. Il seguente lavoro di tesi si propone di analizzare lo stato dell’arte e le informazioni ad oggi esistenti riguardo la diversità, il ruolo e il potenziale biotecnologico dei lieviti marini e degli enzimi prodotti dai lieviti marini, con lo scopo di promuovere la ricerca di nuovi enzimi e molecole di origine marina per consentire lo sviluppo di nuove applicazioni in diversi settori industriali e aumentare allo stesso tempo la conoscenza e la comprensione della diversità microbica esistente. Lo studio intende evidenziare come l’adattabilità dei lieviti di origine marina alle condizioni estreme possa essere considerata un punto interessante per quanto concerne l’applicazione in campo biotecnologico e industriale, mediante la produzione di enzimi in grado di essere utilizzati in numerosi settori, tra cui quello chimico, farmaceutico, dei carburanti, alimentare, agricolo, cosmetico. A titolo di esempio, i lipidi prodotti da lieviti marini possano consentire la produzione di biocarburanti, così come gli enzimi prodotti dai lieviti marini che includono inulinasi, amilasi, proteasi, cellulasi, xilanasi, fitasi, lipasi, lattasi, eso β-1,3-glucanasi e superossido dismutasi possono essere sfruttati per lo sviluppo di cosmetici o come componenti farmaceutici o alimentari. Sono numerose le sostanze bioattive, come amminoacidi, glucani, glutatione, tossine, enzimi, fitasi e vitamine isolate dai lieviti marini. Inoltre, i lieviti marini possiedono un buon potenziale per la produzione di SCP grazie al loro elevato contenuto di azoto. Infine, i lieviti marini hanno il potenziale per essere utilizzati nella sintesi di NPs, che sono di grande interesse nell'industria farmaceutica.
I LIEVITI MARINI E LE LORO POTENZIALI APPLICAZIONI
FERRINI, GIACOMO
2020/2021
Abstract
The marine ecosystem has always been one of the most remote and hostile environments to humans, largely unexplored and still undiscovered. It constitutes, nevertheless, a precious heritage of biodiversity to be protected and safeguarded. In fact, marine micro-organisms, which make up about 98% of the biomass of the oceans, are a resource with enormous application potential in the industrial and biotechnological fields, still not fully exploited. Among the most extensively studied microbial communities, marine yeasts are a source of enzymes of considerable interest. They are widely distributed in marine environments and, thanks to their intrinsic properties and ability to adapt to environments characterised by extreme conditions, they represent an important resource for the identification of enzymes with potential applications in the industrial and biotechnological fields. The aim of the present thesis work is to analyse the state of the art and the information that exists to date regarding the diversity, role and biotechnological potential of marine yeasts and the enzymes produced by marine yeasts, with the aim of promoting research into new enzymes and molecules of marine origin to enable the development of new applications in various industrial sectors, while at the same time increasing knowledge and understanding of the existing microbial diversity. The study aims to highlight how the adaptability of marine-derived yeasts to extreme conditions can be seen as an interesting point of application in the biotechnological and industrial fields, through the production of enzymes that can be used in numerous sectors, including the chemical, pharmaceutical, fuel, food, agricultural and cosmetic sectors. By way of example, lipids produced by marine yeasts can enable the production of biofuels, just as enzymes produced by marine yeasts including inulinase, amylase, protease, cellulase, xylanase, phytase, lipase, lactase, exo β-1,3-glucanase and superoxide dismutase can be exploited for the development of cosmetics or as pharmaceutical or food components. There are numerous bioactive substances such as amino acids, glucans, glutathione, toxins, enzymes, phytases and vitamins isolated from marine yeasts. Furthermore, marine yeasts have good potential for SCP production due to their high nitrogen content. Finally, marine yeasts have the potential to be used in the synthesis of NPs, which are of great interest in the pharmaceutical industry.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/8949