This review provides an overview of the gut microbiota and its interactions with the gut and the central nervous system. Epidemiological observations and experiments in animal models support a general schema which implicates the gut microbiota through the microbioma-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD and AD. Many factors, like diet and aging, may conspire with bacteria and the host response to lead to the neuropathology that characterizes these disorders. In subjects affected by such pathologies, important changes in the microbial composition are observed. Although the clinical data available to us is still incomplete, this hypothesis is driving the development of targeted therapies to the microbiota. It must be remembered that microbiota-gut-brain communications are bidirectional and one must always consider the possibility that any changes observed in the microbiota are secondary. Quite how bugs communicate with the brain remains to be deciphered. There are certainly no shortage of options: through neuroactive peptides synthesized by bacteria, via other bacterial metabolites that can impact on the blood-brain barrier or brain function, through inflammatory mediators released locally or in the liver that can mediate neuro-inflammation or along the vagus. Each will need to be considered as we attempt to unravel this mystery.
Questa review fornisce una panoramica sulle interazioni tra microbiota, intestino e SNC. Grazie a studi epidemiologici e sperimentazioni su modelli animali viene dimostrata l’implicazione del microbiota intestinale, attraverso l’asse microbioma-intestino-cervello, nella patogenesi di diffuse malattie neurodegenerative, quali AD e PD. Molti fattori, in particolare la dieta ed l’età avanzata, unitamente a batteri e alla risposta immunitaria dell’ospite, sembrano essere implicati nell’insorgenza della neuropatologia che caratterizza questi disturbi. Nei soggetti affetti da tali patologie si osservano importanti cambiamenti nella composizione microbica. Anche se i dati clinici a nostra disposizione sono ancora incompleti, questa ipotesi sta guidando lo sviluppo di terapie mirate al microbiota. Le comunicazioni lungo questo asse sono bidirezionali, per cui è necessario considerare sempre l’ipotesi che il microbioma abbia un’influenza secondaria. In che modo i microrganismi riescano a comunicare con il cervello rimane ancora da chiarire definitivamente anche se sono state formulate diverse ipotesi. Un ruolo primario è stato attribuito a: (i) peptidi neuroattivi sintetizzati dai batteri o altri metaboliti batterici che potrebbero permeabilizzare la barriera emato-encefalica o agire sulla funzione cerebrale, (ii) mediatori infiammatori (rilasciati localmente o a livello epatico) che potrebbero promuovere la neuro-infiammazione o (iii) al nervo vago. Ogni fattore necessita di essere attentamente considerato al fine di chiarire definitivamente i complessi meccanismi che regolano l’asse microbiota-cervello-intestino.
ASSE MICROBIOTA-CERVELLO-INTESTINO E MALATTIE NEURODEGENERATIVE
MARDOCHEO, BENEDETTA
2021/2022
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the gut microbiota and its interactions with the gut and the central nervous system. Epidemiological observations and experiments in animal models support a general schema which implicates the gut microbiota through the microbioma-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD and AD. Many factors, like diet and aging, may conspire with bacteria and the host response to lead to the neuropathology that characterizes these disorders. In subjects affected by such pathologies, important changes in the microbial composition are observed. Although the clinical data available to us is still incomplete, this hypothesis is driving the development of targeted therapies to the microbiota. It must be remembered that microbiota-gut-brain communications are bidirectional and one must always consider the possibility that any changes observed in the microbiota are secondary. Quite how bugs communicate with the brain remains to be deciphered. There are certainly no shortage of options: through neuroactive peptides synthesized by bacteria, via other bacterial metabolites that can impact on the blood-brain barrier or brain function, through inflammatory mediators released locally or in the liver that can mediate neuro-inflammation or along the vagus. Each will need to be considered as we attempt to unravel this mystery.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/9655