To promote the sustainability of aquaculture and fulfil the concept of circular economy, numerous alternative ingredients to conventional raw materials have been tested in recent years in order to achieve more sustainable diets with less environmental impact. Among these, insects have received particular attention for their nutritional profile and their low environmental impact farming; therefore, numerous studies have been conducted on their possible use as an alternative ingredient in feed formulations for the main farmed species. The main factor limiting their inclusion is their fatty acid profile, which can, however, be improved in certain species by modulating the growth substrate profile. In this context, the objectives of the present study were: (i) production of a full-fat prepupae meal from Hermetia illucens (HM) reared on an organic by-product derived from coffee roasting (coffee silverskin), enriched with Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; 15% w/w) as a source of proteins, lipids (in particular PUFA) and bioactive molecules with antioxidant properties; (ii) production of two different experimental diets characterised by the substitution of 3% and 20% (HM3 and HM20, respectively) of FM with HM starting from a control formulation (HM0) (iii) testing of the experimental diets on juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), one of the most important commercial species farmed in Europe, during a 60-day feeding trial conducted in an aquaponic system in order to implement production sustainability; (iv) evaluation of the growth performance and welfare of the fish through a multidisciplinary approach including biometric, histological and molecular analyses to better understand the physiological responses to the experimental diets. The results obtained show that the two experimental diets HM3 and HM20 preserved the welfare of the reared fish. Indeed, the diets were well accepted and had no negative effects on their survival rate, growth performance and well-being of their target organs, such as liver and intestines. In particular, distal gut samples from all experimental groups showed no major signs of inflammation or alterations in histological architecture. This result was fully supported by the expression of molecular markers involved in the immune response that showed no significant differences between the experimental groups. With regard to the liver samples, no alterations in the structure of the liver parenchyma and the presence of appreciable signs of inflammation were observed. However, due to higher content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), HM20 group showed a greater degree of fat accumulation in the hepatocytes, which can be considered as a warning signal, if larger inclusions of HM in the diet in this species are taken into account. In conclusion, the study demonstrated how the rearing of a species of commercial interest such as European seabass (D. labrax) can be implemented through (i) water-saving farming systems and the coupling of agricultural production such as aquaponics and (ii) the use of HM as an alternative ingredient to conventional ingredients of marine origin no longer sustainable.
Per promuovere la sostenibilità dell'acquacoltura e soddisfare il concetto di economia circolare, negli ultimi anni sono stati testati numerosi ingredienti alternativi alle materie prime convenzionali al fine di ottenere diete più sostenibili e a minor impatto ambientale. Tra questi, gli insetti hanno ricevuto particolare attenzione per il loro profilo nutrizionale e il loro allevamento con scarso impatto ambientale; pertanto, sono stati condotti numerosi studi sul loro possibile impiego come ingrediente alternativo nelle formulazioni mangimistiche destinate alle specie maggiormente allevate. Il fattore principale che ne limita l’inclusione è rappresentato dal loro profilo in acidi grassi il quale, tuttavia, può, in certe specie, essere migliorato modulando il profilo del substrato di crescita. In questo contesto, il presente studio ha avuto come obiettivi: (i) la produzione di una farina di prepupe di Hermetia illucens (HM) allevate su un sottoprodotto organico derivato dalla tostatura del caffè (coffee silverskin), arricchito con Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; 15% p/p) come fonte di proteine, lipidi (in particolare PUFA) e molecole bioattive con proprietà antiossidanti; (ii) la produzione di due diverse diete sperimentali caratterizzate dalla sostituzione del 3% e del 20% (HM3 e HM20, rispettivamente) di FM con HM partendo da una formulazione di controllo (HM0); (iii) la sperimentazione delle diete sperimentali su giovanili di spigola europea (Dicentrarchus labrax), una delle specie commerciali più importanti allevate in Europa, durante una prova di alimentazione di 60 giorni condotta in un sistema acquaponico al fine di implementare la sostenibilità della produzione; (iv) la valutazione delle prestazioni di crescita e del benessere dei pesci attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare che comprende analisi biometriche, istologiche e molecolari per comprendere meglio le risposte fisiologiche alle diete sperimentali. I risultati ottenuti mostrano come le due diete sperimentali HM3 e HM20 abbiano preservato il benessere dei pesci allevati. Infatti, le diete sono state ben accettate e non hanno avuto effetti negativi sul loro tasso di sopravvivenza, sulle prestazioni di crescita e sul benessere di organi target, come fegato e intestino. In particolare, i campioni di intestino distale di tutti i gruppi sperimentali non hanno mostrato segni importanti di infiammazione o alterazioni dell'architettura istologica. Questo risultato è stato pienamente supportato anche dall'espressione di marker molecolari coinvolti nella risposta immunitaria che non hanno presentato differenze significative tra i gruppi sperimentali. Per quanto riguarda i campioni di fegato, non sono state osservate alterazioni della struttura del parenchima epatico e presenza di segni apprezzabili di infiammazione. Tuttavia, a causa del più alto contenuto di acidi grassi saturi (SFA) nella dieta, il gruppo HM20 ha mostrato un maggior grado di accumulo di grasso negli epatociti, che può essere considerato un segnale d'allarme, se si considerano inclusioni maggiori di HM in questa specie. In conclusione, questo studio ha dimostrato come l'allevamento di una specie di interesse commerciale come la spigola europea (D. labrax) può essere implementato attraverso (i) sistemi di allevamento che consentono il risparmio idrico e l'accoppiamento di produzioni agricole come l'acquaponica e (ii) l'uso di HM come ingrediente alternativo agli ingredienti convenzionali di origine marina non più sostenibili.
Impiego di mangimi a base di farina di insetti nell’allevamento della spigola (Dicentrarchus labrax) in sistemi acquaponici
TORREGIANI, MATTEO
2021/2022
Abstract
To promote the sustainability of aquaculture and fulfil the concept of circular economy, numerous alternative ingredients to conventional raw materials have been tested in recent years in order to achieve more sustainable diets with less environmental impact. Among these, insects have received particular attention for their nutritional profile and their low environmental impact farming; therefore, numerous studies have been conducted on their possible use as an alternative ingredient in feed formulations for the main farmed species. The main factor limiting their inclusion is their fatty acid profile, which can, however, be improved in certain species by modulating the growth substrate profile. In this context, the objectives of the present study were: (i) production of a full-fat prepupae meal from Hermetia illucens (HM) reared on an organic by-product derived from coffee roasting (coffee silverskin), enriched with Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; 15% w/w) as a source of proteins, lipids (in particular PUFA) and bioactive molecules with antioxidant properties; (ii) production of two different experimental diets characterised by the substitution of 3% and 20% (HM3 and HM20, respectively) of FM with HM starting from a control formulation (HM0) (iii) testing of the experimental diets on juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), one of the most important commercial species farmed in Europe, during a 60-day feeding trial conducted in an aquaponic system in order to implement production sustainability; (iv) evaluation of the growth performance and welfare of the fish through a multidisciplinary approach including biometric, histological and molecular analyses to better understand the physiological responses to the experimental diets. The results obtained show that the two experimental diets HM3 and HM20 preserved the welfare of the reared fish. Indeed, the diets were well accepted and had no negative effects on their survival rate, growth performance and well-being of their target organs, such as liver and intestines. In particular, distal gut samples from all experimental groups showed no major signs of inflammation or alterations in histological architecture. This result was fully supported by the expression of molecular markers involved in the immune response that showed no significant differences between the experimental groups. With regard to the liver samples, no alterations in the structure of the liver parenchyma and the presence of appreciable signs of inflammation were observed. However, due to higher content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), HM20 group showed a greater degree of fat accumulation in the hepatocytes, which can be considered as a warning signal, if larger inclusions of HM in the diet in this species are taken into account. In conclusion, the study demonstrated how the rearing of a species of commercial interest such as European seabass (D. labrax) can be implemented through (i) water-saving farming systems and the coupling of agricultural production such as aquaponics and (ii) the use of HM as an alternative ingredient to conventional ingredients of marine origin no longer sustainable.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi Matteo Torregiani definitiva.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi allegato definitivo Torregiani Matteo (formato PDF/A)
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/12439