Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) is a shrub known for its outstanding pioneer qualities, for its ability to adapt to difficult soil conditions and rather prolonged periods of dryness. For these reasons, S. junceum is widely distributed in Italian landascape in a variety of soil conditions, altitudes and temperature ranges. On the Marche Apennines up to the Conero Riviera, it forms patches on escarpments and lowland areas, playing an important role in mitigating the erosion of steep slopes and in the recovery of degraded areas (quarries and landfills). Particularly evident and considerable beauty during flowering is Spanish broom, so much as to inspire in the past poems by the famous Marche poet Giacomo Leopardi. During the spring of 2019 and 2020, a monitoring was carried out in the Marche region, to assess the presence of S. junceum bushes showing symptoms associated with phytoplasma infections. The main symptoms were the “witches’ broom” and “branch fasciation”. Witches’ broom give to the plant a compacted appearance and are accompanied by a light green color tending to yellowing, which can turn into drying of even extended portions of the plant. The other less common symptom, but still present on some monitored plants, is the branch fasciation. Symptomatic plants, sporadic in 2019, were recorded more frequently in 2020, mainly in location near the coast. From 52 symptomatic and 12 symptomless plants, we collected few branches, which were subjected to DNA extraction and to amplification with universal primers P1/P7, followed in nested PCR with R16F2n/R2. All the symptomatic plants resulted positive to phytoplasma infection, while for asymptomatic plants and water control we did not yield any amplicon. Representative amplicons were purified and sequenced. From blast analysis, the samples showed a high homology (100%) with the reference nucleotide sequence MT629815, detected in Livilla spectabilis, reported to be the potential vector of SpaWB-associated phytoplasma, and MT629806, detected in the isolate Sj2MS of Spartium junceum. Spanish broom was identified as a reservoir and potential inoculum source of phytoplasma, that can cause severe disease in other crops. The recording of several infected plants of S. junceum can induce to hypothesize the active presence of vectors and a potential effect on the regional landscape.
La ginestra (Spartium junceum L.) è un arbusto noto per le sue spiccate qualità pioniere, per la sua capacità di adattamento a condizioni pedologiche difficili e periodi di siccità piuttosto prolungati. Per questi motivi S. junceum è ampiamente distribuito nel paesaggio italiano in una varietà di condizioni pedologiche, altitudini e temperature. Sull'Appennino marchigiano fino alla Riviera del Conero forma macchie su scarpate e zone di pianura, svolgendo un ruolo importante nella mitigazione dell'erosione dei ripidi pendii e nel recupero di aree degradate (cave e discariche). È particolarmente evidente e di notevole bellezza durante la fioritura, tanto da ispirare in passato poesie del famoso poeta marchigiano Giacomo Leopardi. Nella primavera del 2019 e del 2020 è stato effettuato un monitoraggio nella regione Marche, per valutare la presenza di arbusti di S. junceum che mostravano sintomi associati a infezioni da fitoplasmi. I sintomi principali erano "scopazzi" e "fascinazione". Gli scopazzi conferiscono alla pianta un aspetto compattato e sono accompagnate da un colore verde chiaro tendente al giallo, che può trasformarsi in essiccamento anche di grosse porzioni della pianta. L'altro sintomo meno comune, ma ancora presente su alcune piante monitorate, è la fascinazione dei rami. Piante sintomatiche, sporadiche nel 2019, sono state registrate più frequentemente nel 2020, principalmente in località vicino alla costa. Da 52 piante sintomatiche e 12 asintomatiche, abbiamo raccolto alcuni rami, che sono stati sottoposti a estrazione e amplificazione del DNA con primer universali P1 / P7, seguiti da nested PCR con R16F2n / R2. Tutte le piante sintomatiche sono risultate positive all'infezione da fitoplasmi, mentre per le piante asintomatiche e il controllo dell'acqua non abbiamo prodotto ampliconi. Gli ampliconi rappresentativi sono stati purificati e sequenziati. Dall'analisi blastica, i campioni hanno mostrato un'elevata omologia (100%) con la sequenza nucleotidica di riferimento MT629815, rilevata in Livilla spectabilis, riportata come potenziale vettore del fitoplasma associato a SpaWB, e MT629806, rilevata nell'isolato Sj2MS di Spartium junceum.La ginestra spagnola è stata identificata come serbatoio e potenziale fonte di inoculo di fitoplasmi, che può causare gravi malattie in altre colture. La registrazione di numerose piante infette da S. junceum può far ipotizzare la presenza attiva di vettori e un potenziale effetto sul paesaggio regionale.
Identificazione del fitoplasma associato agli scopazzi della ginestra nella regione Marche
PACIOCCO, FRANCESCA
2020/2021
Abstract
Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) is a shrub known for its outstanding pioneer qualities, for its ability to adapt to difficult soil conditions and rather prolonged periods of dryness. For these reasons, S. junceum is widely distributed in Italian landascape in a variety of soil conditions, altitudes and temperature ranges. On the Marche Apennines up to the Conero Riviera, it forms patches on escarpments and lowland areas, playing an important role in mitigating the erosion of steep slopes and in the recovery of degraded areas (quarries and landfills). Particularly evident and considerable beauty during flowering is Spanish broom, so much as to inspire in the past poems by the famous Marche poet Giacomo Leopardi. During the spring of 2019 and 2020, a monitoring was carried out in the Marche region, to assess the presence of S. junceum bushes showing symptoms associated with phytoplasma infections. The main symptoms were the “witches’ broom” and “branch fasciation”. Witches’ broom give to the plant a compacted appearance and are accompanied by a light green color tending to yellowing, which can turn into drying of even extended portions of the plant. The other less common symptom, but still present on some monitored plants, is the branch fasciation. Symptomatic plants, sporadic in 2019, were recorded more frequently in 2020, mainly in location near the coast. From 52 symptomatic and 12 symptomless plants, we collected few branches, which were subjected to DNA extraction and to amplification with universal primers P1/P7, followed in nested PCR with R16F2n/R2. All the symptomatic plants resulted positive to phytoplasma infection, while for asymptomatic plants and water control we did not yield any amplicon. Representative amplicons were purified and sequenced. From blast analysis, the samples showed a high homology (100%) with the reference nucleotide sequence MT629815, detected in Livilla spectabilis, reported to be the potential vector of SpaWB-associated phytoplasma, and MT629806, detected in the isolate Sj2MS of Spartium junceum. Spanish broom was identified as a reservoir and potential inoculum source of phytoplasma, that can cause severe disease in other crops. The recording of several infected plants of S. junceum can induce to hypothesize the active presence of vectors and a potential effect on the regional landscape.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/1268