The present thesis work aims to evaluate the amount of nutrients and trace metal(loid)s as well as to assess their seasonal variability along the Ancona coast. Nutrients (N, P, Si) and trace metal(loid)s (TMs) of environmental concern, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) were determined. The investigated sites were chosen in relation to the different levels of anthropogenic impact. Palombina (PAL) site is located near the Esino River mouth and the API refinery and it is interested by the outflow of urban spillways. Marina Dorica (MD) site is located immediately outside the homonymous touristic harbor, one of the largest and most modern in Italy. Portonovo (PN) site is located in Portonovo Bay and is generally subject to low levels of anthropogenic impact except for touristic pressure during the summer season. Seawater samples were pretreated, through filtration and digestion procedures, and then analyzed in the laboratory. Nutrient concentrations were determined by colorimetry. Dissolved TMs fraction were determined by Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AFS) while particulate TMs concentrations were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and by Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA). In general, the following concentrations of nutrients were measured: 6.8 ± 6.0 μmol L-1 for Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN), 5.8 ± 5.8 μmol L-1 for nitrates (N-NO3) 0.52 ± 0.60 μmol L-1 for nitrites (N-NO2), 0.51 ± 0.42 μmol L-1 for ammonia (N- NH3), 0.14 ± 0.12 μmol L-1 for phosphates (P-PO4), 3.97 ± 3.49 μmol L-1 for silica (Si-SiO2). Seasonal variability was evident for all nutrients with high concentrations in winter months and low values in summer. The investigated TMs were mainly present in the dissolved fractions (80-90% of the total) with average concentrations of 0.8 ± 0.3 μg L-1 for Asdiss; 26 ± 16 ng L-1 for Cddiss and 18 ± 13 ng L-1 for Hgdiss. Statistical analysis highlighted the effect of the seasonality on the evolution of both nutrients and metal(loid)s. Riverine inputs, biogenic activities and anthropogenic activities (e.g. wastewater treatment plants, maritime traffic) are potential factors controlling the metal(loid)s partitioning in the study area. Both nutrients and metal(loid)s are far below the Environmental Quality Standard established by the Italian and European law.
Il presente lavoro di tesi ha lo scopo di valutare il contenuto di nutrienti e metal(loidi) in tracce, oltre alla loro variabilità stagionale lungo la costa anconetana. Il lavoro si è concentrato sull’analisi di nutrienti come N, P e Si, e metalli di interesse ambientale, come arsenico (As), cadmio (Cd) e mercurio (Hg). I siti in esame sono stati scelti in relazione al diverso livello di impatto antropico. Il sito di Palombina (PAL) è localizzato in prossimità degli scolmatori urbani, del fiume Esino, che sfocia cca 5 km più a Nord, e della raffineria API. Il sito di Marina Dorica (MD) è localizzato immediatamente all’esterno dell’omonimo porto turistico, uno dei più grandi e moderni d’Italia. Il sito di Portonovo (PN) è localizzato nella baia di Portonovo ed è generalmente soggetto a bassi livelli di impatto antropico ad eccezione della stagione estiva in conseguenza all’incremento delle attività turistiche. I campioni di acqua di mare sono stati adeguatamente pretrattati, attraverso procedure di filtrazione e digestione, e successivamente analizzati in laboratorio. La concentrazione dei nutrienti è stata determinata mediante colorimetria. La frazione disciolta dei metalli è stata misura mediante Spettrometria di Fluorescenza Atomica (AFS), mentre la frazione particolata è stata determinata mediante Spettroscopia di Assorbimento Atomico (AAS) e mediante l’Analizzatore Diretto di Mercurio (DMA). In generale, sono state riscontrate le seguenti concentrazioni dei nutrienti: 6.8 ± 6.0 μmol L-1 per l’Azoto Inorganico Disciolto (DIN), 5.8 ± 5.8 μmol L-1 per i nitrati (N-NO3), 0.52 ± 0.60 μmol L-1 per i nitriti (N-NO2), 0.51 ± 0.42 μmol L-1 per l’ammoniaca (N-NH3), 0.14 ± 0.12 μmol L-1 per i fosfati (P-PO4), 3.97 ± 3.49 μmol L-1 per i silicati (Si(OH)4). Tutti i nutrienti mostrano una variabilità stagionale con concentrazioni alte in inverno e basse durante l’estate. I metal(loid)i studiati sono principalmente presenti nella frazione disciolta (80-90 % del totale) con concentrazioni medie di 0.8 ± 0.3 μg L-1 per Asdiss; 26 ± 16 ng L-1 per Cddiss e 18 ± 13 ng L-1 per Hgdiss. L’analisi statistica dei dati ha evidenziato l’effetto della stagionalità sull’evoluzione sia dei nutrienti che dei metal(loid)i. Input fluviali, attività biogeniche e attività antropiche (e.g. impianti di trattamento delle acque reflue, traffico marittimo) sono i principali fattori che controllano la ripartizione dei metal(loid)i nell’area di studio. Le concentrazioni rilevate di nutrienti ed elementi in tracce risultano essere ben al di sotto degli standard di qualità ambientale stabiliti dalla legislazione italiana e europea.
Valutazione del contenuto di nutrienti e metalli in tracce in acqua di mare lungo la costa anconetana
PELELLA, ALESSANDRA
2022/2023
Abstract
The present thesis work aims to evaluate the amount of nutrients and trace metal(loid)s as well as to assess their seasonal variability along the Ancona coast. Nutrients (N, P, Si) and trace metal(loid)s (TMs) of environmental concern, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) were determined. The investigated sites were chosen in relation to the different levels of anthropogenic impact. Palombina (PAL) site is located near the Esino River mouth and the API refinery and it is interested by the outflow of urban spillways. Marina Dorica (MD) site is located immediately outside the homonymous touristic harbor, one of the largest and most modern in Italy. Portonovo (PN) site is located in Portonovo Bay and is generally subject to low levels of anthropogenic impact except for touristic pressure during the summer season. Seawater samples were pretreated, through filtration and digestion procedures, and then analyzed in the laboratory. Nutrient concentrations were determined by colorimetry. Dissolved TMs fraction were determined by Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AFS) while particulate TMs concentrations were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and by Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA). In general, the following concentrations of nutrients were measured: 6.8 ± 6.0 μmol L-1 for Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN), 5.8 ± 5.8 μmol L-1 for nitrates (N-NO3) 0.52 ± 0.60 μmol L-1 for nitrites (N-NO2), 0.51 ± 0.42 μmol L-1 for ammonia (N- NH3), 0.14 ± 0.12 μmol L-1 for phosphates (P-PO4), 3.97 ± 3.49 μmol L-1 for silica (Si-SiO2). Seasonal variability was evident for all nutrients with high concentrations in winter months and low values in summer. The investigated TMs were mainly present in the dissolved fractions (80-90% of the total) with average concentrations of 0.8 ± 0.3 μg L-1 for Asdiss; 26 ± 16 ng L-1 for Cddiss and 18 ± 13 ng L-1 for Hgdiss. Statistical analysis highlighted the effect of the seasonality on the evolution of both nutrients and metal(loid)s. Riverine inputs, biogenic activities and anthropogenic activities (e.g. wastewater treatment plants, maritime traffic) are potential factors controlling the metal(loid)s partitioning in the study area. Both nutrients and metal(loid)s are far below the Environmental Quality Standard established by the Italian and European law.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/14856