Plastic pollution is still a serious environmental problem affecting ecosystems around the world. A growing number of recent scientific studies highlight how plastic debris, particularly microplastics (MPs), particles smaller than 5 mm, are having an increasingly negative impact on both terrestrial and aquatic environments. MPs can be primary and secondary, the former being designed of this size for industrial uses, while the latter originate from the degradation of larger plastic objects through natural processes. These MPs are released from various sources such as industrial effluents, packaging, and personal care products, posing a serious threat to the well-being of aquatic organisms and potentially to humans through the food chain. The present study investigated the effects of MPs contained in the feed of zebrafish (Danio rerio), which is used as a model for environmental toxicology, to study the bioaccumulation and toxicological effects of these pollutants in more detail. The aquaculture sector is also not exempt from this problem, as MPs have been found in fish farms and farm animals. The main sources of MPs in aquaculture are the environment, tools used for aquaculture, which undergo degradation, and feed, which are found to be contaminated with MPs from various sources. The aim of the thesis is to explore the biological impact of MPs on fish health, focusing in particular on zebrafish as a study model. The ingestion, uptake and accumulation of MPs of different sizes (1-5 µm and 40-47 µm) and concentrations (50 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) in juvenile zebrafish are investigated, assessing how these factors influence their possible translocation to other tissues, and the possible impact they may have on fish growth and health. Zebrafish were exposed to experimental diets containing two types of MPs, amino formaldehyde polymer (AFP) and polyethylene (POL), for a period of 60 days. The study used a multidisciplinary approach, including biometric measurements to monitor growth; chemical digestion to quantify MPs in tissues; and confocal microscopy to detect fluorescent particles in the various organs of the fish. Histopathological analyses allowed the determination of tissue damage, while molecular techniques were used to assess gene expression related to oxidative stress and immune response. The results of this thesis highlight the emerging threat of plastic pollution, in particular the role of MPs in aquatic environments such as fish farms. The differential uptake and accumulation of MPs according to their size highlight the need for further research into the long-term effects of these pollutants. Smaller particles, which are absorbed in the gut and reach other compartments of the body, pose a significant risk both to fish and potentially to humans via the trophic network. This thesis places further emphasis on the urgency of finding solutions to mitigate the negative effects of MPs ingestion in fish, such as preventing their absorption.
L'inquinamento da plastica è ancora un grave problema ambientale che colpisce gli ecosistemi di tutto il mondo. Un numero crescente di studi scientifici recenti sottolinea come i detriti di plastica, in particolare le microplastiche (MPs), particelle con dimensioni minori di 5 mm, stiano avendo un impatto sempre più negativo sia sugli ambienti terrestri che su quelli acquatici. Le MPs possono essere primarie e secondarie, le prime vengono progettate di queste dimensioni per usi industriali, mentre le seconde si originano dalla degradazione di oggetti di plastica più grandi tramite processi naturali. Queste MPs sono immesse da diverse fonti come gli scarichi industriali, gli imballaggi, e prodotti per la cura personale, ponendo una seria minaccia al benessere degli organismi acquatici e potenzialmente all’uomo attraverso la catena alimentare. Il presente studio ha permesso la ricerca degli effetti delle MPs contenute nei mangimi dello zebrafish (Danio rerio), il quale viene usato come modello per la tossicologia ambientale, per studiare più nel dettaglio il bioaccumulo e gli effetti tossicologici di questi inquinanti. Anche il settore dell’acquacoltura non è esente da questo problema, dal momento che sono state riscontrate MPs negli allevamenti e negli animali da allevamento. Le principali fonti di MPs nell’acquacoltura sono l'ambiente, gli utensili usati per praticare acquacoltura, che vanno incontro a degradazione, e i mangimi, che risultano essere contaminati da MPs di varia origine. Lo scopo della tesi è esplorare l’impatto biologico delle MPs sulla salute dei pesci, concentrandosi in particolare sullo zebrafish come modello di studio. Vengono indagati l’ingestione, l’assorbimento e l’accumulo di MPs di diverse dimensioni (1-5 µm e 40-47 µm) e concentrazioni (50 mg/kg e 500 mg/kg) in zebrafish giovanili, valutando come questi fattori influenzino la loro possibile traslocazione in altri tessuti, e il possibile impatto che possono avere sulla crescita e la salute dei pesci. Gli zebrafish sono stati esposti a diete sperimentali contenenti due tipi di MPs, polimero di amino formaldeide (AFP) e polietilene (POL), per un periodo di 60 giorni. Lo studio ha utilizzato un approccio multidisciplinare, includendo misurazioni biometriche per monitorare la crescita; la digestione chimica per quantificare le MPs nei tessuti e la microscopia confocale per rilevare particelle fluorescenti nei vari organi dei pesci. Le analisi istopatologiche hanno permesso la determinazione dei danni ai tessuti, mentre le tecniche molecolari sono state utilizzate per valutare l’espressione genica relativa allo stress ossidativo e alla risposta immunitaria. I risultati di questa tesi sottolineano la minaccia emergente dell’inquinamento da plastica, in particolare il ruolo delle MPs negli ambienti acquatici come gli allevamenti. L’assorbimento e l’accumulo differenziale delle MPs in base alla loro dimensione evidenziano la necessità di ulteriori ricerche sugli effetti a lungo termine di questi inquinanti. Le particelle più piccole, che vengono assorbite a livello intestinale e raggiungono altri compartimenti dell’organismo, rappresentano un rischio significativo sia per i pesci che potenzialmente per gli esseri umani attraverso la rete trofica. Questa tesi pone ulteriore attenzione all’urgenza di trovare soluzioni per mitigare gli effetti negativi da ingestione di MPs nei pesci, come nell’impedirne l’assorbimento.
IL DESTINO DELLE MICROPLASTICHE ALIMENTARI: UN APPROCCIO MULTIDISCIPLINARE PER VALUTARE LA LORO LOCALIZZAZIONE E GLI EFFETTI FISIOLOGICI SUI GIOVANILI DI ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio).
DIMICHINO, BENIAMINO
2023/2024
Abstract
Plastic pollution is still a serious environmental problem affecting ecosystems around the world. A growing number of recent scientific studies highlight how plastic debris, particularly microplastics (MPs), particles smaller than 5 mm, are having an increasingly negative impact on both terrestrial and aquatic environments. MPs can be primary and secondary, the former being designed of this size for industrial uses, while the latter originate from the degradation of larger plastic objects through natural processes. These MPs are released from various sources such as industrial effluents, packaging, and personal care products, posing a serious threat to the well-being of aquatic organisms and potentially to humans through the food chain. The present study investigated the effects of MPs contained in the feed of zebrafish (Danio rerio), which is used as a model for environmental toxicology, to study the bioaccumulation and toxicological effects of these pollutants in more detail. The aquaculture sector is also not exempt from this problem, as MPs have been found in fish farms and farm animals. The main sources of MPs in aquaculture are the environment, tools used for aquaculture, which undergo degradation, and feed, which are found to be contaminated with MPs from various sources. The aim of the thesis is to explore the biological impact of MPs on fish health, focusing in particular on zebrafish as a study model. The ingestion, uptake and accumulation of MPs of different sizes (1-5 µm and 40-47 µm) and concentrations (50 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) in juvenile zebrafish are investigated, assessing how these factors influence their possible translocation to other tissues, and the possible impact they may have on fish growth and health. Zebrafish were exposed to experimental diets containing two types of MPs, amino formaldehyde polymer (AFP) and polyethylene (POL), for a period of 60 days. The study used a multidisciplinary approach, including biometric measurements to monitor growth; chemical digestion to quantify MPs in tissues; and confocal microscopy to detect fluorescent particles in the various organs of the fish. Histopathological analyses allowed the determination of tissue damage, while molecular techniques were used to assess gene expression related to oxidative stress and immune response. The results of this thesis highlight the emerging threat of plastic pollution, in particular the role of MPs in aquatic environments such as fish farms. The differential uptake and accumulation of MPs according to their size highlight the need for further research into the long-term effects of these pollutants. Smaller particles, which are absorbed in the gut and reach other compartments of the body, pose a significant risk both to fish and potentially to humans via the trophic network. This thesis places further emphasis on the urgency of finding solutions to mitigate the negative effects of MPs ingestion in fish, such as preventing their absorption.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/19346