This thesis aims at assessing for the first time the effectiveness of in situ application of innovative bioremediation techniques on highly contaminated sediments and their ecological compatibility on meiofaunal assemblages, and on organic matter quantity, biochemical composition and degradation rates. The study was performed in the Site of National Remediation Interest of Bagnoli-Coroglio (Gulf of Naples), one of the most polluted sites in Europe. The techniques are based on electrochemical biostimulation of autochthonous bacteria by EKOGRID™ technology and on bioaugmentation, through the supply of a commercial product, namely BIO-VASE provided by Idrabel Ltd, containing specific microbial taxa, vitamins and nutrients adsorbed/fixed onto mineral particles (i.e., mostly zeolites and calcium carbonate). The effectiveness in terms of chemical remediation and ecological effects of the techniques combined or using EKOGRID™ technology alone were assessed using an ad hoc experimental design. It included two treated areas one with the EKOGRID™ technology alone and one with EKOGRID™+Idrabel product. The controls included an area where the system for the remediation was just installed (artifact control area), and an additional area without any manipulation (control area). For chemical analysis sediment samples were collected before and after ca. 4 months from the beginning of the in-situ bioremediation experiments, whereas for the biological and biochemical analysis sediment samples were collected at three different times before the beginning of the experiment and after ca. 4 months from its beginning. Analyses include the determination of contaminant concentrations (heavy metals, PAHs, Hydrocarbons C>12), the biochemical composition of organic matter and its degradation rates using extracellular enzymatic activities (β-glucosidase and leucine aminopeptidase) as proxies, and meiofaunal assemblage. In general, no clear effect of bioremediation treatments on the pollutant concentrations were observed when compared to the control. This could be ascribed to the high spatial variability of the pollution of the area that makes difficult detect changes in pollutants concentrations. Similarly, biopolymeric organic carbon concentrations (as a proxy of the trophic state) and degradation rates of organic matter did not show clear variations correlated to the remediation process. Accordingly, also changes in meiofaunal assemblage were not attributable to the remediation technique. Instead, they appeared more related to seasonal dynamics. Overall, these findings suggest that the applied bioremediation technique did not cause significant ecological impacts, at least on the variables considered here. Yet, the effectiveness of the technique in marine sediment is not clearly demonstrated at least on the temporal scale investigated (i.e. ca. 4 months). Therefore, further investigations based on a longer time of bioremediation treatments are necessary to draw final conclusions.
Questa tesi, svolta nell’ambito del progetto LIFE Sedremed a cui partecipa il Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente dell’Università Politecnica delle Marche, ha avuto l'obiettivo di valutare per la prima volta l'efficacia e l’eco-compatibilità di tecniche innovative di biorisanamento applicate in situ a sedimenti marini altamente contaminati del Sito di Bonifica di Interesse Nazionale (SIN) di Bagnoli-Coroglio (Golfo di Napoli). Le tecniche di biorisanamento testate sono basate sulla stimolazione elettrochimica dei microrganismi autoctoni mediante tecnologia EKOGRID™ e sull’aggiunta di un prodotto commerciale, denominato BIO-VASE, fornito da Idrabel Ltd, contenente specifici taxa microbici, vitamine e nutrienti fissati/adsorbiti su particelle minerali (principalmente zeolite e carbonato di calcio). Il disegno sperimentale ha previsto la definizione di: i) un’area di trattamento in cui è stata testata la tecnologia EKOGRID™ singolarmente, II) un’area di trattamento adiacente in cui la tecnologia EKOGRID™ è stata testata in combinazione con l’aggiunta del prodotto Idrabel, iii) un’area viciniore in cui non è stato effettuato alcun trattamento ed utilizzata come controllo e iv) un’area viciniore in cui è stato esclusivamente installato il sistema di bonifica, ed utilizzata come controllo dell'artefatto. Le analisi relative alle variabili di risposta hanno previsto la determinazione delle concentrazioni dei contaminanti chimici per la valutazione dell’efficienza delle tecniche di biorisanamento e dell’abbondanza e composizione della meiofauna, della composizione biochimica della materia organica e dei suoi tassi di degradazione per la valutazione di ecocompatibilità dei trattamenti prima e dopo 4 mesi dall’inizio delle sperimentazioni. In generale, non sono stati osservati effetti chiari dei biotrattamenti sulle concentrazioni di contaminanti rispetto al controllo. Ciò potrebbe essere attribuito all'elevata variabilità spaziale della contaminazione nell'area, che rende difficile rilevare variazioni nelle concentrazioni dei contaminanti. Analogamente, le concentrazioni di carbonio organico biopolimerico (utilizzato come descrittore dello stato trofico) e i tassi di degradazione della materia organica non hanno mostrato variazioni chiare correlate al processo di bonifica. Anche i cambiamenti nell’abbondanza e composizione della meiofauna non sono ascrivibili alla tecnica di bonifica, ma piuttosto a variazioni spazio-temporali. Nel loro insieme tali risultati suggeriscono che i biotrattamenti testati in situ sui sedimenti del SIN di Bagnoli-Coroglio possono essere ecologicamente sostenibili. Tuttavia, sono necessarie ulteriori indagini basate su sperimentazioni di biotrattamento in situ di durata maggiore per trarre conclusioni definitive sulla loro efficacia nella bonifica dei sedimenti marini contaminati e sulla loro eco-compatibilità.
EFFETTI DI TRATTAMENTI INNOVATIVI DI BIORISANAMENTO DI SEDIMENTI MARINI CONTAMINATI SU MEIOFAUNA, STATO TROFICO E TASSI DI DEGRADAZIONE DELLA MATERIA ORGANICA
ARU, ALESSIA
2023/2024
Abstract
This thesis aims at assessing for the first time the effectiveness of in situ application of innovative bioremediation techniques on highly contaminated sediments and their ecological compatibility on meiofaunal assemblages, and on organic matter quantity, biochemical composition and degradation rates. The study was performed in the Site of National Remediation Interest of Bagnoli-Coroglio (Gulf of Naples), one of the most polluted sites in Europe. The techniques are based on electrochemical biostimulation of autochthonous bacteria by EKOGRID™ technology and on bioaugmentation, through the supply of a commercial product, namely BIO-VASE provided by Idrabel Ltd, containing specific microbial taxa, vitamins and nutrients adsorbed/fixed onto mineral particles (i.e., mostly zeolites and calcium carbonate). The effectiveness in terms of chemical remediation and ecological effects of the techniques combined or using EKOGRID™ technology alone were assessed using an ad hoc experimental design. It included two treated areas one with the EKOGRID™ technology alone and one with EKOGRID™+Idrabel product. The controls included an area where the system for the remediation was just installed (artifact control area), and an additional area without any manipulation (control area). For chemical analysis sediment samples were collected before and after ca. 4 months from the beginning of the in-situ bioremediation experiments, whereas for the biological and biochemical analysis sediment samples were collected at three different times before the beginning of the experiment and after ca. 4 months from its beginning. Analyses include the determination of contaminant concentrations (heavy metals, PAHs, Hydrocarbons C>12), the biochemical composition of organic matter and its degradation rates using extracellular enzymatic activities (β-glucosidase and leucine aminopeptidase) as proxies, and meiofaunal assemblage. In general, no clear effect of bioremediation treatments on the pollutant concentrations were observed when compared to the control. This could be ascribed to the high spatial variability of the pollution of the area that makes difficult detect changes in pollutants concentrations. Similarly, biopolymeric organic carbon concentrations (as a proxy of the trophic state) and degradation rates of organic matter did not show clear variations correlated to the remediation process. Accordingly, also changes in meiofaunal assemblage were not attributable to the remediation technique. Instead, they appeared more related to seasonal dynamics. Overall, these findings suggest that the applied bioremediation technique did not cause significant ecological impacts, at least on the variables considered here. Yet, the effectiveness of the technique in marine sediment is not clearly demonstrated at least on the temporal scale investigated (i.e. ca. 4 months). Therefore, further investigations based on a longer time of bioremediation treatments are necessary to draw final conclusions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/21206