Introduction: This thesis originates from a training project carried out at the Territorial Health Authority (AST) of Macerata, aimed at strengthening the professional skills of nurses involved in in-hospital triage. It represents an evolutionary synthesis of the results and experiences gained in this field. In the first phase, a systematic analysis of scientific literature and current legislation on in-hospital triage was conducted with the goal of identifying areas of intervention and the key nursing competencies required for triage. In the second year, a theoretical-practical training program on in-hospital triage was designed and implemented, followed by a period of clinical mentoring by expert tutors and the identification of tools to assess the competencies acquired by the professionals. The thesis consolidates the outcomes of this two-year experience, proposing a structured, replicable training model aimed at the continuous improvement of care quality in emergency settings. Objective: To define and implement a standardized training program, based on the best available evidence and compliant with current legislation on in-hospital triage, for nurses working in the Emergency Departments and First Aid Points under the AST of Macerata. The aim is to ensure continuity and uniformity in professional training. The project includes the drafting of a technical-operational document that systematically describes the training program, identifying four fundamental areas of intervention: clinical-care, communication-relational, organizational-managerial, and technical-specialist competencies. Methods: The preparatory phase of the project involved reviewing the most recent literature on in-hospital triage training programs available nationally, along with an analysis of the competencies required of triage nurses working in Emergency Departments (ED) and First Aid Points (FAP). Subsequently, based on the Global Triage model, an internal survey was conducted to identify the training needs of triage nurses, leading to the proposal of two training pathways: a basic qualifying course and a retraining course. A final evaluation form was also designed to monitor both the quality of the training delivered and the effectiveness and correct execution of the triage process before and after the mentoring phase. Results: The integration of the literature review and the training experience carried out at the AST of Macerata highlighted the crucial importance of a structured, continuous, and shared training program for nurses performing triage duties. The systematic review revealed that triage nurses’ competencies are directly proportional to care quality, patient safety, and the organizational efficiency of emergency departments. The implementation of a local improvement project, which included the design and execution of a theoretical-practical training course based on the Global Triage model, successfully addressed the training needs identified through SWOT analysis and preliminary investigations. The results showed a significant improvement in nurses' ability to correctly classify patients using the new priority codes, reduced waiting times, and increased perceived safety among staff. Additionally, higher patient satisfaction and improved management of critical phases—such as initial reception and patient reassessment—were observed. The project also led to the creation of an internal training network composed of experienced trainers and tutors to support newly trained triage nurses. Conclusions: The integrated analysis of available literature and the applied training design implemented at the AST of Macerata confirmed the need for a structured and uniform training pathway for triage nurses, based on the nationally recognized Global Triage model.
Introduzione: La presente tesi nasce da un progetto formativo realizzato presso l’Azienda Sanitaria Territoriale (AST) di Macerata, finalizzato al potenziamento delle competenze professionali degli infermieri impegnati nel triage intraospedaliero e rappresenta una sintesi evolutiva dei risultati e delle esperienze maturate in tale ambito. Nella prima fase è stata svolta un’analisi sistematica della letteratura scientifica e della normativa vigente in materia di triage intraospedaliero con l’obiettivo di identificare gli ambiti di intervento e le competenze infermieristiche fondamentali per la funzione di triage. Nel secondo anno è stata avviata la progettazione e l’implementazione di un percorso formativo teorico-pratico abilitante sul triage intraospedaliero, seguito da un periodo di affiancamento clinico da parte di tutor esperti e l’identificazione di strumenti utili alla valutazione delle competenze acquisite dai professionisti. L’elaborato rappresenta il risultato consolidato di questa esperienza biennale, proponendo un modello formativo strutturato, replicabile e orientato al miglioramento continuo della qualità assistenziale nei contesti di emergenza-urgenza. Obiettivo: Definire e implementare un percorso formativo standardizzato, basato sulle migliori evidenze e nel rispetto della normativa vigente in materia di triage intraospedaliero, per gli infermieri dei Pronto Soccorso e dei Punti di Primo Intervento afferenti all’AST di Macerata, allo scopo di garantire la continuità e l’omogeneità della formazione professionale. Il progetto prevede la redazione di un documento tecnico-operativo che descriva in modo sistematico il programma formativo, identificando quattro ambiti fondamentali di intervento: competenze clinico-assistenziali, comunicativo-relazionali, organizzativo-gestionali e tecnico-specialistiche. Metodi: La fase preparatoria del progetto ha previsto la revisione della letteratura più recente e aggiornata sui percorsi formativi relativi al triage intraospedaliero disponibili a livello nazionale, insieme all’analisi delle competenze richieste all’infermiere di triage operante nei pronto soccorso (PS) e nei punti di primo intervento (PPI). Successivamente, basandosi sul modello del triage globale, è stata condotta un’indagine interna con l’obiettivo di individuare i bisogni formativi degli infermieri di triage per poi ipotizzare la realizzazione di due percorsi formativi: un corso base abilitante e un corso di retraining. È stata inoltre progettata una scheda di valutazione finale, utile per monitorare sia la qualità della formazione erogata sia l’efficacia e la corretta esecuzione del processo di triage nelle fasi pre e post affiancamento. Risultati: Dall’integrazione dell’analisi della letteratura e dell’esperienza progettuale svolta presso l’AST di Macerata è emersa l’importanza cruciale di una formazione strutturata, continua e condivisa per il personale infermieristico che svolge la funzione di triage. La revisione sistematica ha evidenziato come la competenza degli infermieri triagisti sia direttamente proporzionale alla qualità dell’assistenza, alla sicurezza dei pazienti e all’efficacia organizzativa dei dipartimenti di emergenza. Parallelamente, l’implementazione di un progetto di miglioramento locale, che ha previsto la progettazione e l’attuazione di un corso di formazione teorico-pratico sul modello di Triage Globale, ha permesso di rispondere concretamente ai bisogni formativi del personale rilevati attraverso l’analisi SWOT e indagini preliminari specifiche. I risultati ottenuti hanno confermato un miglioramento significativo nella capacità degli infermieri di classificare correttamente i pazienti secondo i nuovi codici di priorità, nella riduzione dei tempi di attesa e nell’aumento del grado di sicurezza percepita dagli operatori.
Formazione e Miglioramento nel Triage Intraospedaliero: Un Progetto per gli Infermieri Triagisti dell'AST di Macerata
BELELLI, ELEONORA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: This thesis originates from a training project carried out at the Territorial Health Authority (AST) of Macerata, aimed at strengthening the professional skills of nurses involved in in-hospital triage. It represents an evolutionary synthesis of the results and experiences gained in this field. In the first phase, a systematic analysis of scientific literature and current legislation on in-hospital triage was conducted with the goal of identifying areas of intervention and the key nursing competencies required for triage. In the second year, a theoretical-practical training program on in-hospital triage was designed and implemented, followed by a period of clinical mentoring by expert tutors and the identification of tools to assess the competencies acquired by the professionals. The thesis consolidates the outcomes of this two-year experience, proposing a structured, replicable training model aimed at the continuous improvement of care quality in emergency settings. Objective: To define and implement a standardized training program, based on the best available evidence and compliant with current legislation on in-hospital triage, for nurses working in the Emergency Departments and First Aid Points under the AST of Macerata. The aim is to ensure continuity and uniformity in professional training. The project includes the drafting of a technical-operational document that systematically describes the training program, identifying four fundamental areas of intervention: clinical-care, communication-relational, organizational-managerial, and technical-specialist competencies. Methods: The preparatory phase of the project involved reviewing the most recent literature on in-hospital triage training programs available nationally, along with an analysis of the competencies required of triage nurses working in Emergency Departments (ED) and First Aid Points (FAP). Subsequently, based on the Global Triage model, an internal survey was conducted to identify the training needs of triage nurses, leading to the proposal of two training pathways: a basic qualifying course and a retraining course. A final evaluation form was also designed to monitor both the quality of the training delivered and the effectiveness and correct execution of the triage process before and after the mentoring phase. Results: The integration of the literature review and the training experience carried out at the AST of Macerata highlighted the crucial importance of a structured, continuous, and shared training program for nurses performing triage duties. The systematic review revealed that triage nurses’ competencies are directly proportional to care quality, patient safety, and the organizational efficiency of emergency departments. The implementation of a local improvement project, which included the design and execution of a theoretical-practical training course based on the Global Triage model, successfully addressed the training needs identified through SWOT analysis and preliminary investigations. The results showed a significant improvement in nurses' ability to correctly classify patients using the new priority codes, reduced waiting times, and increased perceived safety among staff. Additionally, higher patient satisfaction and improved management of critical phases—such as initial reception and patient reassessment—were observed. The project also led to the creation of an internal training network composed of experienced trainers and tutors to support newly trained triage nurses. Conclusions: The integrated analysis of available literature and the applied training design implemented at the AST of Macerata confirmed the need for a structured and uniform training pathway for triage nurses, based on the nationally recognized Global Triage model.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/22047