Climate change and the resulting rise in temperature pose a real threat to marine biodiversity, particularly for species in the polar regions. The loss of biodiversity in these ecosystems can have effects on the balance of the entire trophic network and the functionality of marine environments. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of transposable elements (TEs) in the molecular response to thermal stress in Trematomus bernacchii, an Antarctic stenothermic fish. It is known that TEs play a key role in evolutionary and adaptive processes. Therefore, understanding how they are activated and react in response to stressors, such as increased temperature, is a key aspect to investigate in order to assess the resilience of polar marine species in response to global warming. In this study, the transcriptional activity of TEs and the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in their silencing were assessed in two tissues, liver and gills, taken from individuals subjected to temperatures of +1 °C, reached after 5 days, and +3 °C, reached after 15 days. These expressions were compared with those obtained from organisms of the control group maintained at 0 °C. The advanced computational approach employed in this thesis revealed a differentiated response between liver and gills, both in terms of the type of transposable elements activated and the effectiveness of the silencing system. The liver showed greater transcriptional control of TEs during the exposure period, suggesting greater resilience. In contrast, the gills, which were more exposed to the external environment, showed a more prolonged and stress-sensitive response. These results highlighted that these elements may play a key role in the adaptation of organisms to changing environmental conditions and underlined the importance of tissue-specific regulation. Understanding such molecular dynamics provides important insights into the adaptation mechanisms of Antarctic species and may contribute to the development of effective conservation strategies for organisms vulnerable to environmental stresses
Il cambiamento climatico e il conseguente innalzamento della temperatura rappresentano una minaccia concreta per la biodiversità marina, in particolare per le specie delle regioni polari. La perdita di biodiversità in questi ecosistemi può avere effetti a cascata sull’equilibrio dell’intera rete trofica e sulla funzionalità degli ambienti marini. Lo scopo di questa tesi è indagare il ruolo degli elementi trasponibili (TE) nella risposta molecolare allo stress termico in Trematomus bernacchii, un pesce antartico stenoterma. È noto che i TE giocano un ruolo chiave nei processi evolutivi e adattivi. Quindi comprendere come si attivano e reagiscono in risposta ai fattori di stress, come l’aumento della temperatura, rappresenta un aspetto chiave da indagare per valutare la resilienza delle specie marine polari in risposta al riscaldamento globale. In questo studio sono state valutate l’attività trascrizionale dei TE e l’espressione dei geni codificanti proteine coinvolte nel loro silenziamento in due tessuti, fegato e branchie, prelevati da individui sottoposti alla temperatura di +1 °C, raggiunta dopo 5 giorni, e di +3 °C, raggiunta dopo 15 giorni. Tali espressioni sono state confrontate con quelle ottenute dagli organismi del gruppo di controllo mantenuto a 0 °C. L’avanzato approccio computazionale impiegato in questo lavoro di tesi ha permesso di evidenziare una risposta differenziata tra fegato e branchie, sia in termini di tipologia di elementi trasponibili attivati che di efficacia del sistema di silenziamento. Il fegato ha mostrato una maggiore capacità di controllo trascrizionale dei TE durante il periodo di esposizione, suggerendo una maggiore resilienza. Diversamente le branchie, maggiormente esposte all’ambiente esterno, hanno mostrato una risposta più protratta e sensibile allo stress. Questi risultati evidenziano che questi elementi possono giocare un ruolo chiave nell’adattamento degli organismi alle mutevoli condizioni ambientali e sottolineano l’importanza di una regolazione tessuto-specifica. La comprensione di tali dinamiche molecolari fornisce importanti indicazioni sui meccanismi di adattamento delle specie antartiche e può contribuire allo sviluppo di strategie di conservazione efficaci per organismi vulnerabili agli stress ambientali.
APPROCCIO TRASCRITTOMICO PER ANALIZZARE L'ESPRESSIONE DEGLI ELEMENTI TRASPONIBILI AI CAMBIAMENTI CLIMATICI NEL PESCE ANTARTICO TREMATOMUS BERNACCHII
PALLADINELLI, CLAUDIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Climate change and the resulting rise in temperature pose a real threat to marine biodiversity, particularly for species in the polar regions. The loss of biodiversity in these ecosystems can have effects on the balance of the entire trophic network and the functionality of marine environments. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of transposable elements (TEs) in the molecular response to thermal stress in Trematomus bernacchii, an Antarctic stenothermic fish. It is known that TEs play a key role in evolutionary and adaptive processes. Therefore, understanding how they are activated and react in response to stressors, such as increased temperature, is a key aspect to investigate in order to assess the resilience of polar marine species in response to global warming. In this study, the transcriptional activity of TEs and the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in their silencing were assessed in two tissues, liver and gills, taken from individuals subjected to temperatures of +1 °C, reached after 5 days, and +3 °C, reached after 15 days. These expressions were compared with those obtained from organisms of the control group maintained at 0 °C. The advanced computational approach employed in this thesis revealed a differentiated response between liver and gills, both in terms of the type of transposable elements activated and the effectiveness of the silencing system. The liver showed greater transcriptional control of TEs during the exposure period, suggesting greater resilience. In contrast, the gills, which were more exposed to the external environment, showed a more prolonged and stress-sensitive response. These results highlighted that these elements may play a key role in the adaptation of organisms to changing environmental conditions and underlined the importance of tissue-specific regulation. Understanding such molecular dynamics provides important insights into the adaptation mechanisms of Antarctic species and may contribute to the development of effective conservation strategies for organisms vulnerable to environmental stressesFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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TESI_PALLADINELLI_s1114524.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/22646