This study analyzes the phenomenon of greenwashing in the Italian food market, with reference to meat products and plant-based alternatives. The research is placed in the context of the climate crisis, which makes an ecological transition supported by conscious consumption models and accurate consumer information increasingly urgent. In this regard, the European Union has adopted several legislative measures to promote sustainability and address greenwashing practices, including the proposed “Green Claims Directive,” which is still under discussion. The aim of the study was to map and classify the green claims found in the two product categories, distinguishing them into explicit (comparative and non-comparative), implicit, and generic claims. Subsequently, the claims were analyzed in light of current and forthcoming legislation to assess their compliance. The results highlight significant differences: meat products predominantly feature explicit claims referring to packaging, while plant-based alternatives show a greater presence of implicit claims, including indications on the absence of ingredients perceived as unsustainable. Generic and non-specific claims were also identified, sometimes placed alongside mandatory information. These elements raise questions about the clarity and transparency of communication directed to consumers. Although limited to a specific segment of the market and to information channels such as labels and company websites, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of environmental communication practices in the food sector. The findings provide useful insights both for the academic debate on greenwashing and for future research that may extend the analysis to other sectors and additional forms of commercial communication.
Il presente lavoro di tesi analizza il fenomeno del greenwashing nel mercato alimentare italiano, con particolare riferimento ai prodotti a base di carne e alle alternative vegetali. La presente ricerca si inserisce nel contesto della crisi climatica, che rende urgente una transizione ecologica sostenuta da modelli di consumo consapevoli e dalla corretta informazione ai consumatori. In questa prospettiva, l’Unione Europea ha adottato diverse misure legislative per promuovere la sostenibilità e contrastare le pratiche di greenwashing, tra cui la proposta di una direttiva sui cosiddetti “Green Claims,” tuttora in discussione. L’obiettivo dello studio è stato mappare e classificare i green claim presenti nelle due categorie di prodotti, distinguendoli in espliciti (comparativi e non), impliciti e generici. Successivamente, i claim sono stati analizzati alla luce della normativa vigente e futura per valutarne la conformità. I risultati evidenziano differenze significative: i prodotti a base di carne presentano prevalentemente claim espliciti riferiti al packaging, mentre le alternative vegetali mostrano una maggiore presenza di claim impliciti, tra cui indicazioni sull’assenza di ingredienti percepiti come insostenibili. Sono stati inoltre rilevati claim generici e poco specifici, talvolta affiancati a informazioni obbligatorie. Questi elementi sollevano interrogativi sulla chiarezza e sulla trasparenza della comunicazione rivolta ai consumatori. Lo studio, pur limitato a un segmento circoscritto del mercato e ai soli canali informativi costituiti da etichette e siti web, contribuisce ad una migliore comprensione delle pratiche di comunicazione ambientale nel settore alimentare. I risultati offrono spunti utili sia per il dibattito accademico sul greenwashing, sia per future analisi che potranno estendere l’indagine ad altri settori e ad ulteriori forme di comunicazione commerciale.
Greenwashing on the Italian food market: A comparison between plant-based and meat products
SEMERARO, MARIKA
2024/2025
Abstract
This study analyzes the phenomenon of greenwashing in the Italian food market, with reference to meat products and plant-based alternatives. The research is placed in the context of the climate crisis, which makes an ecological transition supported by conscious consumption models and accurate consumer information increasingly urgent. In this regard, the European Union has adopted several legislative measures to promote sustainability and address greenwashing practices, including the proposed “Green Claims Directive,” which is still under discussion. The aim of the study was to map and classify the green claims found in the two product categories, distinguishing them into explicit (comparative and non-comparative), implicit, and generic claims. Subsequently, the claims were analyzed in light of current and forthcoming legislation to assess their compliance. The results highlight significant differences: meat products predominantly feature explicit claims referring to packaging, while plant-based alternatives show a greater presence of implicit claims, including indications on the absence of ingredients perceived as unsustainable. Generic and non-specific claims were also identified, sometimes placed alongside mandatory information. These elements raise questions about the clarity and transparency of communication directed to consumers. Although limited to a specific segment of the market and to information channels such as labels and company websites, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of environmental communication practices in the food sector. The findings provide useful insights both for the academic debate on greenwashing and for future research that may extend the analysis to other sectors and additional forms of commercial communication.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Thesis_Marika_Semeraro_2025_pdfA.pdf
embargo fino al 11/04/2027
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/23108