The Željava air base bunker is one of the most emblematic examples of Europe’s contemporary dissonant heritage: an underground military infrastructure from the Cold War, extending over 2.5 km, now located between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. Its monumental character, technical complexity, border location and memorial significance make it a place where history, politics, identity, matter and landscape are inextricably intertwined. The thesis explores how to address this controversial legacy through the lens of the border – geographical, symbolic, perceptual – in order to understand how dissonance can become not only a problem of conservation, but an opportunity to reflect critically on history and its legacy in terms of design. The theoretical approach is rooted in contemporary debates on dissonant heritage (Tunbridge & Ashworth, 1996; Kisić, 2016) and in the need to overcome a static view of memory, recognising conflict, plurality and contradiction as constituent components of cultural value. This reflection is accompanied by the theme of war heritage, understood as an area predisposed to dissonance: recent architecture, born out of armed conflict and not yet settled, in which memory is unstable and often divisive. The case study of Željava is inter preted as a condenser of these tensions. Its history, intertwined with that of socialist Yugoslavia and its dissolution, bears witness to the transition from an internal to an international border, making the site a laboratory for rethinking the relationship between architecture, memory and identity. The territorial analysis, conducted using demographic, tourism and infrastructure data, also shows an uneven landscape and unexplored potential for reactivation, which calls for sustainable and integrated strategies. From a methodological point of view, the thesis takes a multi-scale approach that articulates three dimensions: –the territory, as a network of accessibility and sustainable mobility; –the place, as a perceptual, physical and symbolic space; –architecture, as a narrative device capable of giving shape to pauses, thresholds and transformations. Within this framework, the design proposal is developed, structured not as a definitive intervention, but as a progressive and reversible process, capable of adapting over time to the resources, uses and priorities of the site. The three phases – low-tech reopening, specific activations, complete intervention – define an operational model that respects the existing material, enhances its spa tiality and relationship with the landscape, interpreting and updating the theme of the border. The central element of the proposal is the “calm space”, understood not as a function but as an atmospheric quality: a dimension of suspension, silence and slowing down that runs through all the phases, from the minimal forms of reopening to the three final materialisations (cinema, underground music, museum). The calm space thus becomes the perceptive grammar that allows the bunker to be “re-inhabited” without distorting it, restoring rhythm, orientation and the possibility of reflection within its underground mass. The thesis demonstrates that contemporary design can play an active role in the management of dissonant heritage, not by replacing memory but by allowing it to be viewed with a critical eye. In the case of Željava, a site created for war and separation can be transformed into a place of dialogue, encounter and territorial reconnection. From this perspective, the project does not resolve the dissonance: it makes it visible, embraces it and transforms it into an opportunity for knowledge, facilitating its management in the contemporary world.
Il bunker-base aerea di Željava rappresenta uno dei casi più emblematici di patrimonio dissonante dell’Europa contemporanea: un’infrastruttura militare sotterranea della Guerra Fredda, estesa per oltre 2,5 km, oggi situata tra Bosnia ed Erzegovina e Croazia. Il suo carattere monumentale, la complessità tecnica, la posizione di confine e il peso memoriale ne fanno un luogo in cui storia, politica, identità, materia e paesaggio si intrecciano in modo indissolubile. La tesi indaga come affrontare questa eredità controversa attraverso la lente del confine – geografico, simbolico, percettivo – per comprendere come la dissonanza possa diventare non soltanto un problema di conservazione, ma un’occasione per riflettere criticamente sulla storia e sui suoi lasciti in chiave progettuale Il percorso teorico si radica nei dibattiti contemporanei sul patrimonio dissonante (Tunbridge & Ashworth, 1996; Kisić, 2016) e nella necessità di superare una visione statica della memoria, riconoscendo conflitto, pluralità e contraddizione come componenti costitutive del valore culturale. A questa riflessione si affianca il tema del patrimonio di guerra, inteso come ambito predisponente la dissonanza: architetture recenti, nate dal conflitto armato e non ancora sedimentate, in cui la memoria è instabile e spesso divisiva. Il caso studio di Željava viene interpretato come condensatore di queste tensioni. La sua storia, intrecciata a quella della Jugoslavia socialista e della sua dissoluzione, testimonia il passaggio da un confine interno a uno internazionale, rendendo il sito un laboratorio per ripensare la relazione tra architettura, memoria e identità. L’analisi territoriale, condotta attraverso dati demografici, turistici e infrastrutturali, mostra inoltre un paesaggio disomogeneo e un potenziale di riattivazione ancora inesplorato, che richiama la necessità di strategie sostenibili e integrate. Dal punto di vista metodologico, la tesi assume un approccio multiscalare che articola tre dimensioni: –il territorio, come rete di accessibilità e mobilità sostenibile; –il luogo, come spazio percettivo, fisico e simbolico; –l’architettura, come dispositivo narrativo capace di dare forma a pause, soglie e trasformazioni. All’interno di questa cornice si sviluppa la proposta progettuale, strutturata non come intervento definitivo, ma come processo progressivo e reversibile, capace di adattarsi nel tempo alle risorse, agli usi e alle priorità del sito. Le tre fasi – riapertura low-tech, attivazioni puntuali, intervento completo – definiscono un modello operativo che rispetta la materia esistente, ne valorizza la spazialità e la relazione con il paesaggio, interpretando e attualizzando il tema del confine. Elemento centrale della proposta è lo “spazio calmo”, inteso non come funzione ma come qualità atmosferica: una dimensione di sospensione, silenzio e rallentamento che attraversa tutte le fasi, dalle forme minime di riapertura fino alle tre materializzazioni finali (cinema, musica underground, museo). Lo spazio calmo diventa così la grammatica percettiva che permette di “ri-abitare” il bunker senza snaturarlo, restituendo ritmo, orientamento e possibilità di riflessione all’interno della sua massa ipogea. La tesi dimostra che il progetto contemporaneo può assumere un ruolo attivo nella gestione dei patrimoni dissonanti, non sostituendo la memoria ma permettendo di attraversarla con sguardo critico. Nel caso di Željava, un sito nato per la guerra e per la separazione può trasformarsi in un luogo di dialogo, incontro e riconnessione territoriale. In questa prospettiva, il progetto non risolve la dissonanza: la rende visibile, la accoglie e la trasforma in occasione di conoscenza favorendone la gestione nella contemporaneità.
ESPLORARE IL PATRIMONIO DISSONANTE ATTRAVERSO IL TEMA DEL CONFINE. Il Bunker di Zeljava tra Bosnia ed Erzegovina e Croazia
MONDAINI, REBECCA
2024/2025
Abstract
The Željava air base bunker is one of the most emblematic examples of Europe’s contemporary dissonant heritage: an underground military infrastructure from the Cold War, extending over 2.5 km, now located between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. Its monumental character, technical complexity, border location and memorial significance make it a place where history, politics, identity, matter and landscape are inextricably intertwined. The thesis explores how to address this controversial legacy through the lens of the border – geographical, symbolic, perceptual – in order to understand how dissonance can become not only a problem of conservation, but an opportunity to reflect critically on history and its legacy in terms of design. The theoretical approach is rooted in contemporary debates on dissonant heritage (Tunbridge & Ashworth, 1996; Kisić, 2016) and in the need to overcome a static view of memory, recognising conflict, plurality and contradiction as constituent components of cultural value. This reflection is accompanied by the theme of war heritage, understood as an area predisposed to dissonance: recent architecture, born out of armed conflict and not yet settled, in which memory is unstable and often divisive. The case study of Željava is inter preted as a condenser of these tensions. Its history, intertwined with that of socialist Yugoslavia and its dissolution, bears witness to the transition from an internal to an international border, making the site a laboratory for rethinking the relationship between architecture, memory and identity. The territorial analysis, conducted using demographic, tourism and infrastructure data, also shows an uneven landscape and unexplored potential for reactivation, which calls for sustainable and integrated strategies. From a methodological point of view, the thesis takes a multi-scale approach that articulates three dimensions: –the territory, as a network of accessibility and sustainable mobility; –the place, as a perceptual, physical and symbolic space; –architecture, as a narrative device capable of giving shape to pauses, thresholds and transformations. Within this framework, the design proposal is developed, structured not as a definitive intervention, but as a progressive and reversible process, capable of adapting over time to the resources, uses and priorities of the site. The three phases – low-tech reopening, specific activations, complete intervention – define an operational model that respects the existing material, enhances its spa tiality and relationship with the landscape, interpreting and updating the theme of the border. The central element of the proposal is the “calm space”, understood not as a function but as an atmospheric quality: a dimension of suspension, silence and slowing down that runs through all the phases, from the minimal forms of reopening to the three final materialisations (cinema, underground music, museum). The calm space thus becomes the perceptive grammar that allows the bunker to be “re-inhabited” without distorting it, restoring rhythm, orientation and the possibility of reflection within its underground mass. The thesis demonstrates that contemporary design can play an active role in the management of dissonant heritage, not by replacing memory but by allowing it to be viewed with a critical eye. In the case of Željava, a site created for war and separation can be transformed into a place of dialogue, encounter and territorial reconnection. From this perspective, the project does not resolve the dissonance: it makes it visible, embraces it and transforms it into an opportunity for knowledge, facilitating its management in the contemporary world.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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TESI_REBECCA_MONDAINI_PDFA.pdf
embargo fino al 06/06/2027
Descrizione: Documento di tesi con frontespizio non firmato_Mondaini Rebecca
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45.43 MB
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45.43 MB | Adobe PDF |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/24355