The common sole, Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758), is one of the most valuable demersal fishery resources in the Mediterranean Sea, particularly in the Adriatic Sea, where sustainable management requires a thorough understanding of its reproductive biology. Although the reproductive cycle of this species has been extensively investigated, the relationships among reproductive investment, hepatic metabolism and physiological condition remain poorly understood, particularly in relation to female body size. The present study investigated whether mature females belonging to different size classes adopt distinct reproductive strategies and whether these differences are associated with different patterns of energy allocation and physiological condition. Adult females, collected during the reproductive season in the Northern Adriatic Sea (GSA 17), were divided into two size classes ("small females", < 24.5 cm; "large females", > 28 cm). Ovarian histology, biometric indices (gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and Fulton’s condition factor), liver histology, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and hepatic melanomacrophage density were integrated to characterize reproductive investment, hepatic metabolic organization and tissue homeostasis. Large females closely followed the reproductive pattern previously described for the Adriatic stock, exhibiting a higher occurrence of spawning capable ovaries, together with significantly higher GSI, HSI and Fulton’s condition factor values during the reproductive peak. Conversely, small mature females remained predominantly in the developing phase, suggesting a more conservative reproductive strategy despite having already reached sexual maturity. Histological analyses showed that hepatic lipid reserves were comparable between the two size classes, whereas FTIR spectroscopy revealed significant differences in the biochemical composition of the liver, particularly in the spectral regions associated with fatty acids and carbohydrates. These findings indicate that the greater reproductive investment of large females is sustained by a dynamic reorganization of hepatic metabolism rather than by increased accumulation of lipid reserves. Moreover, melanomacrophage density did not increase in large females, suggesting that this higher reproductive investment is not associated with detectable impairment of liver homeostasis. Overall, this study demonstrates that mature females of different size classes do not contribute equally to reproduction throughout the spawning season, but instead adopt distinct reproductive strategies supported by different patterns of hepatic metabolic organization. The integration of histological, biometric and spectroscopic approaches provides a comprehensive framework for investigating the relationships among reproduction, energy allocation and physiological condition in marine fishes, offering new insights relevant to both reproductive biology and fisheries management.
La sogliola comune, Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758), rappresenta una delle più importanti risorse demersali del mar Mediterraneo e, in particolare, del mare Adriatico, dove una gestione sostenibile della pesca richiede una conoscenza approfondita della sua biologia riproduttiva. Sebbene il ciclo riproduttivo di questa specie sia stato ampiamente studiato, le relazioni tra investimento riproduttivo, metabolismo epatico e condizione fisiologica, risultano ancora poco conosciute, soprattutto in relazione alla taglia delle femmine. Il presente studio ha indagato se femmine mature appartenenti a differenti classi dimensionali adottino strategie riproduttive diverse e se tali differenze siano associate a differenti modalità di allocazione energetica e di condizione fisiologica. A tale scopo, femmine adulte campionate durante il periodo riproduttivo nel mare Adriatico settentrionale (GSA 17), sono state suddivise in due classi dimensionali ("femmine piccole", < 24,5 cm; "femmine grandi", > 28 cm). L'analisi istologica delle gonadi, gli indici biometrici (indice gonadosomatico, indice epatosomatico e fattore di condizione di Fulton), l'istologia del fegato, la spettroscopia infrarossa in trasformata di Fourier (FTIR) e l'analisi dei melanomacrofagi epatici sono stati integrati per caratterizzare l'investimento riproduttivo, l'organizzazione metabolica del fegato e il mantenimento dell'omeostasi tissutale. Le femmine di maggiori dimensioni hanno seguito il pattern riproduttivo tipico già descritto per lo stock adriatico, mostrando una maggiore frequenza di ovari in fase "spawning capable" e valori significativamente più elevati di GSI, HSI e fattore di condizione di Fulton durante il picco riproduttivo. Al contrario, le femmine mature di dimensioni inferiori sono rimaste prevalentemente nella fase "developing", suggerendo una strategia riproduttiva più conservativa nonostante avessero già raggiunto la maturità sessuale. Le analisi istologiche hanno evidenziato un contenuto lipidico epatico complessivamente simile tra le due classi dimensionali, mentre la spettroscopia FTIR ha messo in luce differenze significative nella composizione biochimica del fegato, in particolare nelle bande attribuite ad acidi grassi e carboidrati. Questi risultati indicano che il maggiore investimento riproduttivo delle femmine grandi è sostenuto da una dinamica riorganizzazione del metabolismo epatico piuttosto che da un maggiore accumulo di riserve lipidiche. Inoltre, la densità dei melanomacrofagi non è risultata maggiore nelle femmine grandi, suggerendo che il più elevato investimento riproduttivo non sia associato a un evidente deterioramento dell'omeostasi epatica. Nel complesso, il presente studio dimostra che femmine mature appartenenti a differenti classi dimensionali non contribuiscono in maniera equivalente alla riproduzione durante la stagione riproduttiva, ma adottano strategie riproduttive differenti, sostenute da distinti modelli di organizzazione metabolica del fegato. L'integrazione di approcci istologici, biometrici e spettroscopici consente di ottenere una visione più completa delle relazioni tra riproduzione, allocazione energetica e condizione fisiologica nei pesci marini, fornendo nuove conoscenze utili sia per la biologia riproduttiva della specie, sia per la gestione sostenibile della risorsa.
INFLUENZA DELLA TAGLIA SULL'INVESTIMENTO RIPRODUTTIVO, SUL METABOLISMO EPATICO E SULLA CONDIZIONE FISIOLOGICA DELLA SOGLIOLA COMUNE SOLEA SOLEA.
TORTORA, LAVINIA
2025/2026
Abstract
The common sole, Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758), is one of the most valuable demersal fishery resources in the Mediterranean Sea, particularly in the Adriatic Sea, where sustainable management requires a thorough understanding of its reproductive biology. Although the reproductive cycle of this species has been extensively investigated, the relationships among reproductive investment, hepatic metabolism and physiological condition remain poorly understood, particularly in relation to female body size. The present study investigated whether mature females belonging to different size classes adopt distinct reproductive strategies and whether these differences are associated with different patterns of energy allocation and physiological condition. Adult females, collected during the reproductive season in the Northern Adriatic Sea (GSA 17), were divided into two size classes ("small females", < 24.5 cm; "large females", > 28 cm). Ovarian histology, biometric indices (gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and Fulton’s condition factor), liver histology, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and hepatic melanomacrophage density were integrated to characterize reproductive investment, hepatic metabolic organization and tissue homeostasis. Large females closely followed the reproductive pattern previously described for the Adriatic stock, exhibiting a higher occurrence of spawning capable ovaries, together with significantly higher GSI, HSI and Fulton’s condition factor values during the reproductive peak. Conversely, small mature females remained predominantly in the developing phase, suggesting a more conservative reproductive strategy despite having already reached sexual maturity. Histological analyses showed that hepatic lipid reserves were comparable between the two size classes, whereas FTIR spectroscopy revealed significant differences in the biochemical composition of the liver, particularly in the spectral regions associated with fatty acids and carbohydrates. These findings indicate that the greater reproductive investment of large females is sustained by a dynamic reorganization of hepatic metabolism rather than by increased accumulation of lipid reserves. Moreover, melanomacrophage density did not increase in large females, suggesting that this higher reproductive investment is not associated with detectable impairment of liver homeostasis. Overall, this study demonstrates that mature females of different size classes do not contribute equally to reproduction throughout the spawning season, but instead adopt distinct reproductive strategies supported by different patterns of hepatic metabolic organization. The integration of histological, biometric and spectroscopic approaches provides a comprehensive framework for investigating the relationships among reproduction, energy allocation and physiological condition in marine fishes, offering new insights relevant to both reproductive biology and fisheries management.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi_Lavinia_Tortora_1118017.pdf
embargo fino al 21/01/2028
Descrizione: Tesi di laurea magistrale in Biologia Marina.
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34.12 MB | Adobe PDF |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/28150