Cigarette butts have been the most common waste in the world for more than 30 years. They account for up to 90% of all waste and are often cited as one of the main pollutants on urban streets and beaches. A single cigarette butt can contaminate up to 1000 litres of water; the filter, not being biodegradable, breaks down and shreds, remaining in the sea forever with its load of highly toxic substances including nicotine. For this reason, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effects of one of the main substances contained in cigarette butts, nicotine, on the viability and biomineralisation process of unicellular eukaryotic marine organisms, foraminifera. In particular, three species of benthic foraminifera, bred in culture and naturally colonising coastal marine environments worldwide, were chosen: Rosalina globularis and Quinqueloculina spp., which secrete a calcium carbonate test, and Textularia agglutinans, whose shell is made up of sediment particles that are selected by the organism itself depending on the substrate where it lives. The selected foraminiferal species were grown in a solution of seawater and synthetic nicotine for 48 hours. The analysis of the synthetic nicotine impact on the three foraminiferal species involved three different stages: - The mortality rate of the three species was determined through two acute toxicity tests (LC50-48 h), in December 2020 and April 2021, in which the foraminifera were incubated in synthetic nicotine stock solutions at sublethal and lethal (LC50) concentrations. - To detect the presence of synthetic nicotine and possibly its primary metabolite, cotinine, in the culture medium of the previous tests, a specific protocol for analyses by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was developed and implemented using the LC50-48 h test samples from April 2021. - As a final step, to identify foraminiferal shell and cell damage by synthetic nicotine, some samples from the April 2021 LC50-48 h test underwent infrared spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Infrared, FTIR) at the Trieste Elettra synchrotron. Both LC50-48 h tests showed that synthetic nicotine, at both sublethal and lethal concentrations (LC50), is toxic to all three foraminiferal species. A mortality rate could be defined for all three species, which showed that Quinqueloculina spp. was the most resistant species, while R. globularis and T. agglutinans were the most sensitive. These different responses to synthetic nicotine toxicity are species-specific, as they are related to the type of the shell biomineralization. Examination of the LC50-48 h test solutions in April 2021 by HPLC revealed that foraminifera absorbed up to 90% of the synthetic nicotine contained in the samples; however, no traces of cotinine were found in the culture medium. In contrast, synchrotron (FTIR) analyses of T. agglutinans and R. globularis showed that synthetic nicotine supported weakening and decalcification of the shells and induced cellular stress, altering the composition of cytoplasmic macromolecules (lipids and proteins) in foraminifera subjected to this emerging pollutant. Overall, the results obtained in this master's degree thesis confirmed the role of nicotine as the main intoxicant molecule contained in cigarette butts, capable of intoxicating foraminifera and interfering with their biomineralisation mechanisms. Furthermore, the comparison of these data with studies on other marine organisms has shown that benthic foraminifera may be an important bioindicator of cigarette butt pollution in the sea.
Da oltre 30 anni i mozziconi di sigaretta sono il rifiuto più comune al mondo: costituiscono fino al 90% dei rifiuti e spesso sono indicati come uno dei principali inquinanti di strade urbane e spiagge. Un singolo mozzicone può contaminare fino a 1000 litri d’acqua; il filtro, non essendo biodegradabile, si scompone e sminuzza, rimanendo nel mare per sempre con il suo carico di sostanze altamente tossiche tra cui la nicotina. Per questo motivo, l’obiettivo di questa tesi è la valutazione degli effetti di una delle principali sostanze contenute nei mozziconi di sigaretta, la nicotina, sulla vitalità e sul processo di biomineralizzazione di organismi marini unicellulari eucariotici, i foraminiferi. In particolare, sono state scelte tre specie di foraminiferi bentonici allevati in coltura e che in natura colonizzano gli ambienti marini costieri di tutto il mondo: Rosalina globularis e Quinqueloculina spp., che sono in grado di secernere un guscio di carbonato di calcio, e Textularia agglutinans, il cui guscio è costituito da particelle di sedimento che vengono selezionate dall’organismo stesso sulla base del substrato in cui vive. Le specie selezionate di foraminiferi sono state fatte crescere in una soluzione di acqua di mare e nicotina sintetica per 48 ore. L’analisi dell’impatto della nicotina sintetica sulle tre specie di foraminiferi ha previsto tre diverse fasi: - Il tasso di mortalità delle tre specie è stato determinato attraverso due test di tossicità acuta (LC50-48 h), a dicembre 2020 e ad aprile 2021, in cui i foraminiferi sono stati incubati in soluzioni stock di nicotina sintetica a concentrazioni subletali e letali (LC50). - Per rilevare la presenza di nicotina sintetica ed eventualmente del suo metabolita primario, la cotinina, nel mezzo di coltura dei precedenti test, è stato elaborato uno specifico protocollo per l’analisi con l’HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), messo in atto utilizzando i campioni del test LC50-48 h di aprile 2021. - Come ultimo step, per identificare i danni al guscio e alla cellula dei foraminiferi a carico della nicotina sintetica, alcuni campioni del test LC50-48 h di aprile 2021 sono stati sottoposti a spettroscopia ad infrarossi (Fourier Transform Infrared, FTIR) presso il sincrotrone Elettra di Trieste. Entrambi i test LC50-48 h hanno dimostrato che la nicotina sintetica, sia a concentrazioni subletali che letali (LC50), è tossica per tutte e tre le specie di foraminiferi. Per tutte e tre le specie è stato possibile definire un tasso di mortalità, dal quale è emerso che Quinqueloculina spp. è la specie più resistente, mentre R. globularis e T. agglutinans sono le più sensibili. Queste differenti risposte alla tossicità della nicotina sintetica sono specie-specifiche, in quanto legate al tipo di biomineralizzazione del guscio. L’esame delle soluzioni del test LC50-48 h di Aprile 2021 all’HPLC ha rivelato che i foraminiferi hanno assorbito fino al 90% della nicotina sintetica contenuta nei campioni; tuttavia, non sono state trovate alcune tracce di cotinina nel mezzo di coltura. Le analisi al sincrotrone (FTIR), condotte su T. agglutinans e R. globularis, hanno invece evidenziato come la nicotina sintetica promuova l’indebolimento e la decalcificazione dei gusci e induca lo stress cellulare, alterando la composizione delle macromolecole citoplasmatiche (lipidi e proteine) nei foraminiferi sottoposti a questo inquinante considerato emergente. Nel complesso, i risultati ottenuti in questa tesi magistrale hanno confermato il ruolo della nicotina come principale molecola intossicante contenuta nei mozziconi di sigaretta, in grado di intossicare i foraminiferi e di interferire con i loro meccanismi di biomineralizzazione.
I MOZZICONI DI SIGARETTA E IL LORO IMPATTO SULLA VITALITA' E BIOCALCIFICAZIONE DEI FORAMINIFERI BENTONICI: RISULTATI DI TEST DI TOSSICITA' ACUTA ED ANALISI DI SPETTROSCOPIA AD INFRAROSSI
SPAZIANI, LUCREZIA
2020/2021
Abstract
Cigarette butts have been the most common waste in the world for more than 30 years. They account for up to 90% of all waste and are often cited as one of the main pollutants on urban streets and beaches. A single cigarette butt can contaminate up to 1000 litres of water; the filter, not being biodegradable, breaks down and shreds, remaining in the sea forever with its load of highly toxic substances including nicotine. For this reason, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effects of one of the main substances contained in cigarette butts, nicotine, on the viability and biomineralisation process of unicellular eukaryotic marine organisms, foraminifera. In particular, three species of benthic foraminifera, bred in culture and naturally colonising coastal marine environments worldwide, were chosen: Rosalina globularis and Quinqueloculina spp., which secrete a calcium carbonate test, and Textularia agglutinans, whose shell is made up of sediment particles that are selected by the organism itself depending on the substrate where it lives. The selected foraminiferal species were grown in a solution of seawater and synthetic nicotine for 48 hours. The analysis of the synthetic nicotine impact on the three foraminiferal species involved three different stages: - The mortality rate of the three species was determined through two acute toxicity tests (LC50-48 h), in December 2020 and April 2021, in which the foraminifera were incubated in synthetic nicotine stock solutions at sublethal and lethal (LC50) concentrations. - To detect the presence of synthetic nicotine and possibly its primary metabolite, cotinine, in the culture medium of the previous tests, a specific protocol for analyses by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was developed and implemented using the LC50-48 h test samples from April 2021. - As a final step, to identify foraminiferal shell and cell damage by synthetic nicotine, some samples from the April 2021 LC50-48 h test underwent infrared spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Infrared, FTIR) at the Trieste Elettra synchrotron. Both LC50-48 h tests showed that synthetic nicotine, at both sublethal and lethal concentrations (LC50), is toxic to all three foraminiferal species. A mortality rate could be defined for all three species, which showed that Quinqueloculina spp. was the most resistant species, while R. globularis and T. agglutinans were the most sensitive. These different responses to synthetic nicotine toxicity are species-specific, as they are related to the type of the shell biomineralization. Examination of the LC50-48 h test solutions in April 2021 by HPLC revealed that foraminifera absorbed up to 90% of the synthetic nicotine contained in the samples; however, no traces of cotinine were found in the culture medium. In contrast, synchrotron (FTIR) analyses of T. agglutinans and R. globularis showed that synthetic nicotine supported weakening and decalcification of the shells and induced cellular stress, altering the composition of cytoplasmic macromolecules (lipids and proteins) in foraminifera subjected to this emerging pollutant. Overall, the results obtained in this master's degree thesis confirmed the role of nicotine as the main intoxicant molecule contained in cigarette butts, capable of intoxicating foraminifera and interfering with their biomineralisation mechanisms. Furthermore, the comparison of these data with studies on other marine organisms has shown that benthic foraminifera may be an important bioindicator of cigarette butt pollution in the sea.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/8254