To promote the aquaculture sustainability in light of the concept of circular economy, in recent years, many alternative ingredients to conventional raw materials have been tested in order to achieve more sustainable diets with lower environmental impact. Among these, insects deserve special attention for their nutritional profile and their environmental-friendly rearing; Therefore, many studies have been conducted on their possible use as an alternative ingredient in feed formulations intended for the main farmed fish species. The main factor limiting their inclusion in aquafeeds is represented by their fatty acid profile which, however, can be improved in certain species by modulating the profile of the growth substrate. In this context, the present study had as objectives: (i) the production of a full-fat prepupae meal from Hermetia illucens (HM) reared on an organic substrate composed of by-products derived from coffee roasting (coffee silverskin), enriched with spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; 15% w/w) as a source of proteins, lipids (in particular, polyunsaturated fatty acids) and bioactive molecules with antioxidant properties; (ii) production of 2 different experimental diets characterized by 3 and 20 % (HM3 and HM20, respectively) of HM inclusion respect to conventional marine-derive ingredients (fish meal and fish oil) from a control formulation (HM0); (iii) testing of experimental diets in a 6-week feeding trial on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); (iv) evaluation of the growth performance and welfare of reared fish through a multidisciplinary approach. The analysis of diets revealed that the inclusion of "enriched" HM increased, with a dose-dependent trend, the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols and carotenoids. Considering the fish physiological responses to the experimental diets, a reduction in growth was observed in HM3 and HM20 groups compared to HM0 (probably related to a reduction in intestinal mucosal height and, consequently, absorptive surface area). In contrast, fish lipid metabolism, stress response and intestinal well-being were not affected by diets. However, increased expression of the genes involved in the immune response was detected only in HM20 this result could be related to imminent inflammation. The procedure of enriching the growth substrate of Hermetia illucens with spirulina proved to be an efficient method to transfer the bioactive molecules and characteristics of this cyanobacterium to the preps and to modulate their polyunsaturated fatty acid profile. The results obtained show that the two experimental diets HM3 and HM20 have preserved the welfare of reared fish, despite a reduction in growth performance probably due to a reduction of the absorptive surface at intestinal level.
Per promuovere la sostenibilità dell'acquacoltura e soddisfare il concetto di economia circolare, negli ultimi anni sono stati testati numerosi ingredienti alternativi alle materie prime convenzionali al fine di ottenere diete più sostenibili e a minor impatto ambientale. Tra questi, gli insetti meritano particolare attenzione per il loro profilo nutrizionale e il loro allevamento con scarso impatto ambientale; pertanto, sono stati condotti numerosi studi sul loro possibile impiego come ingrediente alternativo nelle formulazioni mangimistiche destinate alle principali specie allevate. Il principale fattore che ne limita l’inclusione è rappresentato dal loro profilo in acidi grassi il quale, tuttavia, può, in certe specie, essere migliorato modulando il profilo del substrato di crescita. In questo contesto, il presente studio ha avuto come obiettivi: (i) la produzione di una farina di prepupe di Hermetia illucens (HM) cresciute su un substrato organico composto da sottoprodotti derivati dalla tostatura del caffè (coffee silverskin), arricchito con spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; 15% p/p) come fonte di proteine, lipidi (in particolare, acidi grassi polinsaturi) e di molecole bioattive con proprietà antiossidanti; (ii) produzione di 2 diverse diete sperimentali caratterizzate dal 3 e 20 % (HM3 e HM20, rispettivamente) di inclusione di HM rispetto agli ingredienti convenzionali di origine marina (farina e olio di pesce) a partire da una formulazione di controllo (HM0); (iii) test delle diete sperimentali su giovanili di trota arcobaleno (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in una prova zootecnica della durata di 6 settimane; (iv) valutazione delle performance di crescita e del benessere dei pesci allevati attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare. L'analisi delle diete ha rivelato che l'inclusione di HM “arricchita” aumentava, in modo dose-dipendente, il contenuto di acidi grassi polinsaturi (PUFA), tocoferoli e carotenoidi. Considerando le risposte fisiologiche dei pesci alle diete sperimentali, nei gruppi HM3 e HM20 è stata osservata una riduzione della crescita rispetto a HM0 (probabilmente correlata a una riduzione dell'altezza della mucosa intestinale e, conseguentemente, della superficie assorbente). Invece, il metabolismo lipidico dei pesci, la risposta allo stress e il benessere intestinale non sono stati influenzati dalle diete. Tuttavia, un'aumentata espressione dei geni coinvolti nella risposta immunitaria è stata rilevata solo in HM20 questo risultato potrebbe essere correlato ad un’imminente infiammazione. La procedura di arricchimento del substrato di crescita di Hermetia illucens con spirulina si è rivelato un metodo efficiente per trasferire alle prepupe le molecole bioattive e caratteristiche di questo cianobatterio e di modularne il profilo di acidi grassi polinsaturi. I risultati ottenuti mostrano come le due diete sperimentali HM3 e HM20 abbiano preservato il benessere dei pesci allevati, nonostante una riduzione delle performance di crescita dovuta probabilmente ad una riduzione della superficie assorbente a livello intestinale.
INCLUSIONE DI FARINA DI HERMETIA ILLUCENS ARRICCHITA CON SPIRULINA (ARTHROSPIRA PLATENSIS) NELLE DIETE DELLA TROTA ARCOBALENO (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS): POSSIBILI EFFETTI BENEFICI SU CRESCITA E BENESSERE
GIAMMARINO, MIRIAM
2020/2021
Abstract
To promote the aquaculture sustainability in light of the concept of circular economy, in recent years, many alternative ingredients to conventional raw materials have been tested in order to achieve more sustainable diets with lower environmental impact. Among these, insects deserve special attention for their nutritional profile and their environmental-friendly rearing; Therefore, many studies have been conducted on their possible use as an alternative ingredient in feed formulations intended for the main farmed fish species. The main factor limiting their inclusion in aquafeeds is represented by their fatty acid profile which, however, can be improved in certain species by modulating the profile of the growth substrate. In this context, the present study had as objectives: (i) the production of a full-fat prepupae meal from Hermetia illucens (HM) reared on an organic substrate composed of by-products derived from coffee roasting (coffee silverskin), enriched with spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; 15% w/w) as a source of proteins, lipids (in particular, polyunsaturated fatty acids) and bioactive molecules with antioxidant properties; (ii) production of 2 different experimental diets characterized by 3 and 20 % (HM3 and HM20, respectively) of HM inclusion respect to conventional marine-derive ingredients (fish meal and fish oil) from a control formulation (HM0); (iii) testing of experimental diets in a 6-week feeding trial on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); (iv) evaluation of the growth performance and welfare of reared fish through a multidisciplinary approach. The analysis of diets revealed that the inclusion of "enriched" HM increased, with a dose-dependent trend, the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols and carotenoids. Considering the fish physiological responses to the experimental diets, a reduction in growth was observed in HM3 and HM20 groups compared to HM0 (probably related to a reduction in intestinal mucosal height and, consequently, absorptive surface area). In contrast, fish lipid metabolism, stress response and intestinal well-being were not affected by diets. However, increased expression of the genes involved in the immune response was detected only in HM20 this result could be related to imminent inflammation. The procedure of enriching the growth substrate of Hermetia illucens with spirulina proved to be an efficient method to transfer the bioactive molecules and characteristics of this cyanobacterium to the preps and to modulate their polyunsaturated fatty acid profile. The results obtained show that the two experimental diets HM3 and HM20 have preserved the welfare of reared fish, despite a reduction in growth performance probably due to a reduction of the absorptive surface at intestinal level.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Inclusione di farina di Hermetia illucens arricchita con spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) nelle diete della trota arcobaleno (Oncorhynchus mykiss): possibili effetti benefici su crescita e benessere
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/8928