INTRODUCTION: Clinical reasoning represents a fundamental competency in the nursing profession, and its development during undergraduate education has been widely recognized in the literature as a key priority. Self-assessment, understood as a reflective practice and an assessment as learning strategy, has been identified as a potentially effective tool for promoting metacognitive awareness among nursing students regarding their own clinical reasoning skills. The present study aims to explore the level of self-assessed clinical reasoning in first-, second-, and third-year students enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in Nursing programme at the Ascoli Piceno campus of the Università Politecnica delle Marche, through the administration of the Self-Assessment of Clinical Reflection and Reasoning (SACRR) questionnaire, analysing differences by year of study, demographic variables, and clinical placement setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. The SACRR questionnaire, consisting of 26 items organised into four subscales and translated into Italian, was administered at the end of each clinical placement experience during the 2025/2026 academic year. Since each student completed the questionnaire at the conclusion of every placement undertaken, the 119 participating students (68.9% female; mean age 24.2 ± 5.6 years) produced a total of 221 completed questionnaires. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests with Welch's correction. RESULTS: The overall mean SACRR score was 113.04 (SD ± 10.11) out of a maximum of 130, with high scores recorded across all four subscales. The subscale relating to uncertainty management yielded the lowest percentage value among the four dimensions. The highest mean score was observed in second-year students (M = 114.44), followed by third-year (M = 112.94) and first-year students (M = 110.35). A statistically significant difference by gender was found (t = -2.95; p = 0.004), with female students reporting higher scores. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the reproducibility of the SACRR questionnaire within the Italian nursing education context and suggest its potential as a tool for eliciting reflective and metacognitive processes at the end of clinical placement experiences, in line with the principles of assessment as learning. Future studies involving larger samples, longitudinal designs, and parallel objective measures are needed to consolidate these results. Keywords: clinical reasoning; self-assessment; nursing students; nursing education; metacognition; SACRR.
INTRODUZIONE. Il ragionamento clinico rappresenta una competenza fondamentale nella professione infermieristica, il cui sviluppo durante il percorso formativo di base costituisce una priorità riconosciuta in letteratura. L'autovalutazione, intesa come pratica riflessiva e strategia di “assessment as learning”, è stata identificata come uno strumento potenzialmente efficace per promuovere la consapevolezza metacognitiva degli studenti infermieri rispetto alle proprie competenze di ragionamento clinico. Il presente studio si propone di esplorare il livello di ragionamento clinico autovalutato negli studenti di primo, secondo e terzo anno del Corso di Laurea in Infermieristica della sede di Ascoli Piceno dell'Università Politecnica delle Marche, attraverso la somministrazione del questionario “Self-Assessment of Clinical Reflection and Reasoning” (SACRR), analizzando le differenze per anno di corso, variabili anagrafiche e contesto di tirocinio. MATERIALI E METODI: È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale trasversale. Il questionario SACRR, composto da 26 item organizzati in quattro sottoscale e tradotto in italiano, è stato somministrato al termine di ciascuna esperienza di tirocinio clinico nell'anno accademico 2025/2026. Poiché ogni studente ha compilato il questionario al termine di ciascun tirocinio effettuato, i 119 studenti partecipanti (68,9% donne; età media 24,2 ± 5,6 anni) hanno prodotto complessivamente 221 compilazioni. L'analisi statistica ha incluso statistiche descrittive e t-test per campioni indipendenti con correzione di Welch. RISULTATI: Il punteggio medio complessivo al SACRR è risultato pari a 113,04 (DS ± 10,11) su un massimo di 130, con punteggi elevati in tutte e quattro le sottoscale. La sottoscala relativa alla gestione dell'incertezza ha registrato il valore percentuale più basso tra le quattro dimensioni. Il punteggio più alto si registra al secondo anno di corso (M = 114,44), seguito dal terzo (M = 112,94) e dal primo (M = 110,35). È emersa una differenza significativa per genere (t = -2,95; p = 0,004), con punteggi più elevati nelle studentesse. DISCUSSIONE E CONCLUSIONI: I risultati supportano la riproducibilità del questionario SACRR nel contesto formativo infermieristico italiano e ne suggeriscono il potenziale come strumento per sollecitare processi riflessivi e metacognitivi al termine dell'esperienza clinica di tirocinio, in linea con i principi dell'assessment as learning. Studi futuri con campioni più ampi, disegni longitudinali e misure oggettive parallele sono necessari per consolidare questi risultati. Parole chiave: ragionamento clinico; autovalutazione; studenti infermieri; formazione infermieristica; metacognizione; SACRR.
L'AUTOVALUTAZIONE COME STRUMENTO FORMATIVO PER LA PROMOZIONE DEL RAGIONAMENTO CLINICO: UNA SURVEY CROSS-SECTIONAL NEL CORSO DI LAUREA IN INFERMIERISTICA
CURZI, ALESSIA
2025/2026
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Clinical reasoning represents a fundamental competency in the nursing profession, and its development during undergraduate education has been widely recognized in the literature as a key priority. Self-assessment, understood as a reflective practice and an assessment as learning strategy, has been identified as a potentially effective tool for promoting metacognitive awareness among nursing students regarding their own clinical reasoning skills. The present study aims to explore the level of self-assessed clinical reasoning in first-, second-, and third-year students enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in Nursing programme at the Ascoli Piceno campus of the Università Politecnica delle Marche, through the administration of the Self-Assessment of Clinical Reflection and Reasoning (SACRR) questionnaire, analysing differences by year of study, demographic variables, and clinical placement setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. The SACRR questionnaire, consisting of 26 items organised into four subscales and translated into Italian, was administered at the end of each clinical placement experience during the 2025/2026 academic year. Since each student completed the questionnaire at the conclusion of every placement undertaken, the 119 participating students (68.9% female; mean age 24.2 ± 5.6 years) produced a total of 221 completed questionnaires. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests with Welch's correction. RESULTS: The overall mean SACRR score was 113.04 (SD ± 10.11) out of a maximum of 130, with high scores recorded across all four subscales. The subscale relating to uncertainty management yielded the lowest percentage value among the four dimensions. The highest mean score was observed in second-year students (M = 114.44), followed by third-year (M = 112.94) and first-year students (M = 110.35). A statistically significant difference by gender was found (t = -2.95; p = 0.004), with female students reporting higher scores. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the reproducibility of the SACRR questionnaire within the Italian nursing education context and suggest its potential as a tool for eliciting reflective and metacognitive processes at the end of clinical placement experiences, in line with the principles of assessment as learning. Future studies involving larger samples, longitudinal designs, and parallel objective measures are needed to consolidate these results. Keywords: clinical reasoning; self-assessment; nursing students; nursing education; metacognition; SACRR.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/27141